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Theravada
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Theravāda (/ˌtɛrəˈvɑːðə/;[a] lit. 'School of the Elders'; Chinese: 上座部佛教; Vietnamese: Thượng tọa bộ)[1][2] is the most commonly accepted name of Buddhism's oldest existing school.[1][2] The school's adherents, termed Theravādins (anglicized from Pali theravādī),[3][4] have preserved their version of Gautama Buddha's teaching or Dhamma in the Pāli Canon for over two millennia.[1][2][web 1]
The Pāli Canon is the most complete Buddhist canon surviving in a classical Indian language, Pāli, which serves as the school's sacred language[2] and lingua franca.[5] In contrast to Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna, Theravāda tends to be conservative in matters of doctrine (pariyatti) and monastic discipline (vinaya).[6] One element of this conservatism is the fact that Theravāda rejects the authenticity of the Mahayana sutras (which appeared c. 1st century BCE onwards).[7][8] Consequently, Theravāda generally does not recognize the existence of many Buddhas and bodhisattvas believed by the Mahāyāna school, such as Amitābha and Vairocana, because they are not found in the canonical scriptures.[9]
Theravāda derives from Indian Sthavira nikāya (an early Buddhist school). This tradition later began to develop significantly in India and Sri Lanka from the 3rd century BCE onwards, particularly with the establishment of the Pāli Canon in its written form and the development of its commentarial literature.[10][11][12] From both India, as its historical origin, and Sri Lanka, as its principal center of development, the Theravāda tradition subsequently spread to Southeast Asia, where it became the dominant form of Buddhism.[13] Theravāda is the official religion of Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Cambodia, and the main dominant Buddhist variant found in Laos and Thailand. It is practiced by minorities in India, Bangladesh, China, Nepal, North Korea, Vietnam, the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Taiwan. The diaspora of all of these groups, as well as converts around the world, also embrace and practice Theravāda Buddhism.
During the modern era, new developments have included Buddhist modernism, the Vipassana movement which reinvigorated Theravāda meditation practice,[web 1] the growth of the Thai Forest Tradition which reemphasized forest monasticism and the spread of Theravāda westward to places such as India and Nepal, along with Buddhist immigrants and converts in the European Union and in the United States.
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- ^ a b c Gyatso, Tenzin (2005), Bodhi, Bhikkhu (ed.), In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon, Somerville, Massachusetts: Wisdom Publications, p. ix, ISBN 978-0-86171-491-9
- ^ a b c d Reynolds, Frank E.; Kitagawa, Joseph M.; Nakamura, Hajime; Lopez, Donald S.; Tucci, Giuseppe (2018), "Theravada", britannica.com, Encyclopaedia Britannica,
Theravada (Pali: "Way of the Elders"; Sanskrit, Sthaviravada) emerged as one of the Hinayana (Sanskrit: "Lesser Vehicle") schools, traditionally numbered at 18, of early Buddhism. The Theravadins trace their lineage to the Sthaviravada school, one of the two major schools (the Mahasanghika was the other) that supposedly formed in the wake of the Council of Vaishali (now in Bihar state) held some 100 years after the Buddha's death. Employing Pāli as their sacred language, the Theravadins preserved their version of the Buddha's teaching in the Tipitaka ("Three Baskets").
- ^ "Theravādin, Theravādan, Theravādist". Discuss & Discover. 7 March 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
- ^ "Pali word for "Theravada Buddhist" - Dhamma Wheel Buddhist Forum". www.dhammawheel.com. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
- ^ Crosby, Kate (2013), Theravada Buddhism: Continuity, Diversity, and Identity, p. 2.
- ^ Gombrich, Richard (2006), Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo, Routledge; 2nd edition, p. 37.
- ^ Hay, Jeff (2009). "World Religions" p. 189. Greenhaven Publishing LLC.
- ^ Buswell, Robert E (2004). Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism (2004), p. 293.
- ^ Williams, Paul, Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations, Routledge, 2008, p. 21.
- ^ Sujato, Bhikkhu (2012). Sects & Sectarianism: The origins of Buddhist schools (PDF). Perth: Santipada. p. 101. ISBN 9781921842085.
- ^ Keown, Damien (2004). A Dictionary of Buddhism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198605607. Archived from the original on 19 February 2024.
- ^ Access to Insight (2005). "What is Theravada Buddhism?". Access to Insight. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
- ^ Prebish, Charles S. (1975), Buddhism – a modern perspective, University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, ISBN 0271011858, OCLC 1103133
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