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Uveal melanoma
| Uveal melanoma | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Intraocular melanoma[1] |
 | |
| Iris melanoma | |
| Specialty | Oncology |
| Symptoms | A sensation of flashes or specks of dust (floaters); growing dark spot on the iris; change in the shape of the pupil; poor or blurry vision in one eye; loss of peripheral vision in one eye. |
| Complications | Retinal detachment |
| Usual onset | age 50-70 years[2] |
| Types | choroid, iris, and ciliary body |
| Diagnostic method | clinical examination by biomicroscopy and indirect ophthalmoscopy |
| Differential diagnosis | For choroid: choroidal tumors, especially choroidal nevus, metastatic tumors, choroidal hemangioma, and osteoma; hemorrhagic conditions like AMD and hemorrhagic choroidal detachment; retinal tumors such as congenital retinal pigment epithelium hypertrophy and retinal pigment epithelium adenocarcinoma; and inflammatory lesions like posterior scleritis. For iris: iris nevus, iris pigment epithelial cyst, iris stromal cyst, metastatic tumor of the iris, melanocytoma, iris atrophy and Cogan-Reese syndrome. For ciliary body: staphyloma, medulloepithelioma and leiomyoma. |
| Prevention | Reduce UV exposure to the eye. |
| Treatment | Brachytherapy, enucleation, proton beam radiotherapy, transpupillary thermotherapy, photocoagulation, photodynamic therapy, and local resection. |
| Prognosis | >50% spread, mostly to the liver[2] |
| Frequency | 5 cases per million people per year[3] |
Uveal melanoma is a type of eye cancer in the uvea of the eye.[4] It is traditionally classed as originating in the iris, choroid, and ciliary body, but can also be divided into class I (low metastatic risk) and class II (high metastatic risk).[4] Symptoms include blurred vision, loss of vision, and photopsia, but there may be no symptoms.[5]
Tumors arise from the pigment cells that reside within the uvea and give color to the eye. These melanocytes are distinct from the retinal pigment epithelium cells underlying the retina that do not form melanomas. When eye melanoma is spread to distant parts of the body, the five-year survival rate is about 15%.[6]
It is the most common type of primary eye cancer.[4] Males and females are affected equally.[2] More than 50% spread, mostly to the liver.[2]
- ^ "Uveal melanoma". www.cancer.gov. 2 February 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
- ^ a b c d DE, Elder; D, Massi; RA, Scolyer; R, Willemze (2018). "2. Melanocytic tumours: Ocular melanocytic tumours, uveal melanoma". WHO Classification of Skin Tumours. Vol. 11 (4th ed.). Lyon (France): World Health Organization. pp. 137–138. ISBN 978-92-832-2440-2.
- ^ Ocular Melanoma, National Organization for Rare Disorders, 2018
- ^ a b c Harbour, J. William; Correa, Zelia M. (2021). "1. Molecular basis of uveal melanoma and emerging therapeutic targets". In Bernicker, Eric H. (ed.). Uveal Melanoma: Biology and Management. Switzerland: Springer. pp. 3–12. ISBN 978-3-030-78117-0.
- ^ Sadowsky, Dylan; Delijani, Kevin; Lim, John; Cabrera, Matthew (22 July 2022). "Uveal Melanoma". Georgetown Medical Review. 6. doi:10.52504/001c.36973. S2CID 250996726.
- ^ Eye Cancer Survival Rates, American Cancer Society, Last Medical Review: December 9, 2014 Last Revised: February 5, 2016
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