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Volcaniclastics
Volcaniclastics are geologic materials composed of broken fragments (clasts) of volcanic rock.[1] These encompass all clastic volcanic materials, regardless of what process fragmented the rock, how it was subsequently transported, what environment it was deposited in, or whether nonvolcanic material is mingled with the volcanic clasts.[2] The United States Geological Survey defines volcaniclastics somewhat more narrowly, to include only rock composed of volcanic rock fragments that have been transported some distance from their place of origin.[3]
In the broad sense[2][4] of the term, volcaniclastics includes pyroclastic rocks such as the Bandelier Tuff;[5] cinder cones and other tephra deposits; the basal and capping breccia that characterize ʻaʻā lava flows; and lahars and debris flows of volcanic origin.[6]
Volcaniclastics make up more of the volume of many volcanoes than do lava flows. Volcaniclastics may have contributed as much as a third of all sedimentation in the geologic record.[2]
- ^ Fisher, Richard V. (1961). "Proposed classification of volcaniclastic sediments and rocks". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 72 (9): 1409. Bibcode:1961GSAB...72.1409F. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1961)72[1409:PCOVSA]2.0.CO;2.
- ^ a b c Fisher, Richard V.; Schminke, H.-U. (1984). Pyroclastic rocks. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3540127569.
- ^ "Volcaniclastic". Volcanic Hazards Program. United States Geological Survey. 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
- ^ Vincent, Pierre (2000). Volcaniclastic rocks, from magmas to sediments (PDF). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers. p. 1. ISBN 9056992783. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
- ^ Ross, Clarence S.; Smith, Robert L. (1961). "Ash-flow tuffs: Their origin, geologic relations, and identification". USGS Profession Paper Series. Professional Paper (366). doi:10.3133/pp366. hdl:2027/ucbk.ark:/28722/h26b1t.
- ^ Vincent 2000, pp.27-28
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