Canaan

Canaan
Math	rhanbarth, gwlad ar un adeg, gwareiddiad
Enwyd ar ôl	Canaan
Daearyddiaeth
Cyfesurynnau	32.76667°N 35.33333°E
	Ffeiliau perthnasol ar Comin
	[golygwch ar Wicidata]

Rhanbarth hynafol yn y Dwyrain Agos oedd Canaan a oedd yn gartref i wareiddiad Semiteg o'r enw Cananeaid yn ystod diwedd yr ail fileniwm CC. Ymddengys yr enw Canaan yn y Beibl yn cyfateb i'r Lefant, yn enwedig yr hen Balesteina a thiroedd Ffenicia, Philistia ac Israel, rhwng y Môr Canoldir i'r gorllewin ac Afon Iorddonen i'r dwyrain.

Defnyddir yr enw Cananeaid fel term mantell i ddisgrifio nifer o bobloedd gynhenid—cymunedau sefydlog a nomadiaid bugeiliol— ar draws de'r Lefant.^[1] Dyma'r term ethnig cyffredinaf yn y Beibl.^[2] Yn Llyfr Josua, cynhwysir y Cananeaid mewn rhestr o genhedloedd i'w difa,^[3] ac yn ddiweddarach fel cenedl a orchfygwyd gan yr Israeliaid.^[4] Yn ôl yr ysgolhaig Beiblaidd Mark Smith, mae tystiolaeth archaeolegol yn awgrymu i ddiwylliant yr Israeliaid hynafol deillio i raddau helaeth o'r Cananeaid.^[5]^[6] Ymddengys enw y Cananeaid sawl canrif yn ddiweddarach fel hunan-enw gan y bobl a elwid gan y Groegiaid gynt (ers tua 500 CC) yn Ffeniciaid,^[4] ac yn sgil ymfudiad Cananeaid i Garthago fe'i defnyddid hefyd yn hunan-enw gan y siaradwyr Pwneg (Ffeniceg) (chanani) yng Ngogledd Affrica yn ystod cyfnod diweddaraf yr Henfyd.

Bu Canaan yn rhanbarth o bwys ddaearwleidyddol sylweddol yn Oes Ddiweddar yr Efydd ac ar ffiniau meysydd dylanwad ymerodraethau'r Hen Aifft, yr Hethiaid, Mitanni a'r Asyriaid yng nghyfnod Amarna (14g CC). Mae gwybodaeth gyfoes am Ganaan yn dibynnu ar y cloddfeydd archaeolegol mewn safleoedd megis Tel Hazor, Tel Megiddo, En Esur a Gezer.

↑ Brody, Aaron J.; King, Roy J. (1 Rhagfyr 2013). "Genetics and the Archaeology of Ancient Israel". Wayne State University. Cyrchwyd 9 Hydref 2018.
↑ Dever, William G. (2006). Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From?. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. t. 219. ISBN 9780802844163. Canaanite is by far the most common ethnic term in the Hebrew Bible. The pattern of polemics suggests that most Israelites knew that they had a shared common remote ancestry and once common culture.
↑ Dozeman, Thomas B. (2015). Joshua 1–12: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. Yale University Press. t. 259. ISBN 9780300172737. Cyrchwyd 9 Hydref 2018. In the ideology of the book of Joshua, the Canaanites are included in the list of nations requiring extermination (3:10; 9:1; 24:11).
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Drews 1998, tt. 48–49: "The name 'Canaan' did not entirely drop out of usage in the Iron Age. Throughout the area that we—with the Greek speakers—prefer to call 'Phoenicia', the inhabitants in the first millennium BC called themselves 'Canaanites'. For the area south of Mt. Carmel, however, after the Bronze Age ended references to 'Canaan' as a present phenomenon dwindle almost to nothing (the Hebrew Bible of course makes frequent mention of 'Canaan' and 'Canaanites', but regularly as a land that had become something else, and as a people who had been annihilated)."
↑ Smith, Mark S. (2002). The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. tt. 6–7. ISBN 9780802839725. Cyrchwyd 9 Hydref 2018. Despite the long regnant model that the Canaanites and Israelites were people of fundamentally different culture, archaeological data now casts doubt on this view. The material culture of the region exhibits numerous common points between Israelites and Canaanites in the Iron I period (c. 1200 – 1000 BC). The record would suggest that the Israelite culture largely overlapped with and derived from Canaanite culture... In short, Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature. Given the information available, one cannot maintain a radical cultural separation between Canaanites and Israelites for the Iron I period.
↑ Rendsberg, Gary (2008). "Israel without the Bible". In Greenspahn, Frederick E. (gol.). The Hebrew Bible: New Insights and Scholarship. NYU Press. tt. 3–5. ISBN 9780814731871. Cyrchwyd 9 Hydref 2018.

[1] Brody, Aaron J.; King, Roy J. (1 Rhagfyr 2013). "Genetics and the Archaeology of Ancient Israel". Wayne State University. Cyrchwyd 9 Hydref 2018.

[Dever-2] Dever, William G. (2006). Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From?. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. t. 219. ISBN 9780802844163. Canaanite is by far the most common ethnic term in the Hebrew Bible. The pattern of polemics suggests that most Israelites knew that they had a shared common remote ancestry and once common culture.

[3] Dozeman, Thomas B. (2015). Joshua 1–12: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. Yale University Press. t. 259. ISBN 9780300172737. Cyrchwyd 9 Hydref 2018. In the ideology of the book of Joshua, the Canaanites are included in the list of nations requiring extermination (3:10; 9:1; 24:11).

[Drews4849-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Drews 1998, tt. 48–49: "The name 'Canaan' did not entirely drop out of usage in the Iron Age. Throughout the area that we—with the Greek speakers—prefer to call 'Phoenicia', the inhabitants in the first millennium BC called themselves 'Canaanites'. For the area south of Mt. Carmel, however, after the Bronze Age ended references to 'Canaan' as a present phenomenon dwindle almost to nothing (the Hebrew Bible of course makes frequent mention of 'Canaan' and 'Canaanites', but regularly as a land that had become something else, and as a people who had been annihilated)."

[MarkSmith-5] Smith, Mark S. (2002). The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. tt. 6–7. ISBN 9780802839725. Cyrchwyd 9 Hydref 2018. Despite the long regnant model that the Canaanites and Israelites were people of fundamentally different culture, archaeological data now casts doubt on this view. The material culture of the region exhibits numerous common points between Israelites and Canaanites in the Iron I period (c. 1200 – 1000 BC). The record would suggest that the Israelite culture largely overlapped with and derived from Canaanite culture... In short, Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature. Given the information available, one cannot maintain a radical cultural separation between Canaanites and Israelites for the Iron I period.

[6] Rendsberg, Gary (2008). "Israel without the Bible". In Greenspahn, Frederick E. (gol.). The Hebrew Bible: New Insights and Scholarship. NYU Press. tt. 3–5. ISBN 9780814731871. Cyrchwyd 9 Hydref 2018.

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