| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
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1678 (MDCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1678th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 678th year of the 2nd millennium, the 78th year of the 17th century, and the 9th year of the 1670s decade. As of the start of 1678, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
| 1678 by topic |
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| Arts and science |
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Births – Deaths |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Establishments – Disestablishments |
| Works category |
| Gregorian calendar | 1678 MDCLXXVIII |
| Ab urbe condita | 2431 |
| Armenian calendar | 1127 ԹՎ ՌՃԻԷ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6428 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1599–1600 |
| Bengali calendar | 1085 |
| Berber calendar | 2628 |
| English Regnal year | 29 Cha. 2 – 30 Cha. 2 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2222 |
| Burmese calendar | 1040 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7186–7187 |
| Chinese calendar | 丁巳年 (Fire Snake) 4375 or 4168 — to — 戊午年 (Earth Horse) 4376 or 4169 |
| Coptic calendar | 1394–1395 |
| Discordian calendar | 2844 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1670–1671 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5438–5439 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1734–1735 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1599–1600 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4778–4779 |
| Holocene calendar | 11678 |
| Igbo calendar | 678–679 |
| Iranian calendar | 1056–1057 |
| Islamic calendar | 1088–1089 |
| Japanese calendar | Enpō 6 (延宝６年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1600–1601 |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 10 days |
| Korean calendar | 4011 |
| Minguo calendar | 234 before ROC 民前234年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | 210 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2220–2221 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阴火蛇年 (female Fire-Snake) 1804 or 1423 or 651 — to — 阳土马年 (male Earth-Horse) 1805 or 1424 or 652 |