Back احتجاجات هونغ كونغ 2014 Arabic 2014 Honkonq etirazları AZ Ганконгскія пратэсты 2014 года BE Revolució dels Paraigües Catalan Deštníková revoluce Czech Demonstrationerne i Hongkong i 2014 Danish Proteste in Hongkong 2014 German Διαδηλώσεις του Χονγκ Κονγκ (2014) Greek Protestoj en Honkongo 2014 EO Protestas en Hong Kong de 2014 Spanish
| Umbrella Revolution | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of democratic development in Hong Kong and the Hong Kong–Mainland China conflict | |||||
 The Admiralty protest site on the night of 10 October | |||||
| Date | 26 September 2014 – 15 December 2014 (2 months, 2 weeks and 5 days) | ||||
| Location | Hong Kong:
| ||||
| Caused by | Standing Committee of the National People's Congress decision on electoral reform regarding future Hong Kong Chief Executive and Legislative Council elections | ||||
| Goals |
| ||||
| Methods | Occupations, sit-ins, civil disobedience, mobile street protests, internet activism, hunger strikes, hacking | ||||
| Resulted in |
| ||||
| Concessions | The Hong Kong government promises to submit a "New Occupy report" to the Chinese Central government[6] | ||||
| Parties | |||||
| |||||
| Lead figures | |||||
| Injuries and arrests | |||||
| Injuries | 470+ (as of 29 Nov)[10] | ||||
| Arrested | 955[11] 75 turned themselves in | ||||
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A series of sit-in street protests, often called the Umbrella Revolution and sometimes used interchangeably with Umbrella Movement, or Occupy Movement, occurred in Hong Kong from 26 September to 15 December 2014.[12][13]
The protests began after the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC) issued a decision regarding proposed reforms to the Hong Kong electoral system. The decision was widely seen to be highly restrictive, and tantamount to the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)'s pre-screening of the candidates for the Chief Executive of Hong Kong.[14]
Students led a strike against the NPCSC's decision beginning on 22 September 2014, and the Hong Kong Federation of Students and Scholarism started protesting outside the government headquarters on 26 September 2014.[15] On 28 September, events developed rapidly. The Occupy Central with Love and Peace movement announced the beginning of their civil disobedience campaign.[16] Students and other members of the public demonstrated outside government headquarters, and some began to occupy several major city intersections.[17] Protesters blocked both east–west arterial routes in northern Hong Kong Island near Admiralty. Police tactics – including the use of tear gas – and triad attacks on protesters led more citizens to join the protests and to occupy Causeway Bay and Mong Kok.[18][19][20] The number of protesters peaked at more than 100,000 at any given time, overwhelming the police thus causing containment errors.[21][22][23]
Government officials in Hong Kong and in Beijing denounced the occupation as "illegal" and a "violation of the rule of law", and Chinese state media and officials claimed repeatedly that the West had played an "instigating" role in the protests, and warned of "deaths and injuries and other grave consequences."[24] The protests precipitated a rift in Hong Kong society, and galvanised youth – a previously apolitical section of society – into political activism or heightened awareness of their civil rights and responsibilities. Not only were there fist fights at occupation sites and flame wars on social media, family members found themselves on different sides of the conflict.[25]
Key areas in Admiralty, Causeway Bay and Mong Kok were occupied and remained closed to traffic for 77 days. Despite numerous incidents of intimidation and violence by triads and thugs, particularly in Mong Kok, and several attempts at clearance by the police, suffragists held their ground for over two months. After the Mong Kok occupation site was cleared with some scuffles on 25 November, Admiralty and Causeway Bay were cleared with no opposition on 11 and 14 December, respectively.
The Hong Kong government's use of the police and courts to resolve political issues led to accusations that these institutions had been turned into political tools, thereby compromising the police and judicial system in the territory and eroding the rule of law in favour of "rule by law".[26][27][28][29] At times violent police action during the occupation was widely perceived to have damaged the reputation of what was once recognised as one of the most efficient, honest and impartial police forces in the Asia Pacific region.[30] The protests ended without any political concessions from the government, but instead triggered rhetoric from Chief Executive of Hong Kong Leung Chun-ying and mainland officials about rule of law and patriotism, and an assault on academic freedoms and civil liberties of activists.[27][31][32][33]
- ^ Tai, Benny (4 December 2014). "What Next for Hong Kong?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
- ^ "Hong Kong protesters reach new heights with democracy banner on Lion Rock". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 9 December 2014.
- ^ Sevastopulo, Demetri (27 September 2014). "Hong Kong group launches civil disobedience campaign". Financial Times. CNBC. Archived from the original on 15 December 2014. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
- ^ "Beijing fears compromise with Hong Kong protesters: US scholar". Want China Times. 7 December 2014. Archived from the original on 9 December 2014.
- ^ "Young Hong Kongers seek new path in democracy battle". Yahoo!. Archived from the original on 21 June 2015.
- ^ Lau, Kenneth; Cheng, Kevin (22 October 2014). "New Occupy report to Beijing promised". The Standard. Hong Kong. Archived from the original on 17 December 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
- ^ "Hong Kong cyber attacks spiked during Occupy Central, academic's study finds". 26 February 2015.
- ^ Hong, Brendon (18 June 2014). "Hackers Attack Hong Kong Pro-Democracy Websites". The Daily Beast.
- ^ Iyengar, Rishi (4 October 2014). "Hong Kong Government Accused of Using Triads to Attack Student Protesters". Time. Archived from the original on 18 January 2015.
- ^ "高永文：因佔領而求診逾470宗急症室有壓力". Apple Daily. Archived from the original on 7 December 2014. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
- ^ "955 arrested for Occupy offences". Government of Hong Kong. Archived from the original on 27 December 2014. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
- ^ Kaiman, Jonathan (30 September 2014). "Hong Kong's umbrella revolution – the Guardian briefing". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
- ^ Iyengar, Rishi. "6 Questions You Might Have About Hong Kong's Umbrella Revolution". Time. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
- ^ Cheung, Tony (31 August 2014). "Hong Kong's candidate nominating system out of balance, says Beijing scholar". South China Morning Post.
- ^ "Thousands of Hong Kong students start week-long boycott". BBC News. 22 September 2014. Archived from the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
- ^ "Hong Kong police clear pro-democracy protesters". BBC News. 27 September 2014. Archived from the original on 7 December 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
- ^ "Full text of NPC decision on universal suffrage for HKSAR chief selection". Xinhua News Agency. 31 August 2014. Archived from the original on 28 April 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
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20141031reuterswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "HSBC's Laura Cha sparks outrage comparing wait for Hong Kong voting rights to that of U.S. slaves". Daily News. New York. November 2014. Archived from the original on 7 December 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
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20141009hksmarywas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Hong Kong: Massive anti-government protests after attempted police crackdown". chinaworker.info. 30 September 2014. Archived from the original on 30 November 2014.
- ^ a b "Mixed legacy for Hong Kong's Umbrella Movement". Business Spectator. 15 December 2014. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015.
- ^ Laura Mannering (18 October 2014). "Hong Kong police charge leaves protesters injured". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015.
- ^ Julie Makinen (9 December 2014). "Hong Kong police to remove protesters from streets after court order". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015.
- ^ Te-Ping Chen; Lorraine Luk; Prudence Ho (4 October 2014). "Hong Kong Police's Use of Tear Gas During Protests Hurts Reputation of 'Asia's Finest'". The Wall Street Journal.
- ^ Hwee Ann Tan (19 January 2015). "Hong Kong Creates Cadets Modeled After PLA, China Daily Says". Bloomberg L.P.
- ^ Lau, Kenneth (13 February 2015). "Leung denies torpedoing uni selection" Archived 13 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine. The Standard.
- ^ "傳政府阻港大陳文敏升職 羅范：點會重蹈覆轍". Apple Daily (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 14 February 2015.