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4G is the fourth generation of cellular network technology, succeeding 3G and designed to support all-IP communications and broadband services, enabling a variety of data-intensive applications.[1] A 4G system must meet the performance requirements defined by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) in IMT Advanced. 4G supports a range of applications, including enhanced mobile internet access, high-definition streaming, IP telephony, video conferencing, and the expansion of Internet of Things (IoT) applications.
Additionally, 4G has enabled the widespread adoption of cloud computing, fixed wireless access, and real-time data exchange for the Internet of Things (IoT), facilitating the growth of connected devices and smart systems. 4G has also significantly expanded the availability of mobile TV, with numerous dedicated applications and services making it widely accessible to users. The improved network capacity and lower latency also support high-speed, low-latency applications, enhancing user experience in activities such as online gaming and live broadcasts.
However, in December 2010, the ITU expanded its definition of 4G to include Long Term Evolution (LTE), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), and Evolved High Speed Packet Access (HSPA+).[2]
The first-release WiMAX standard was commercially deployed in South Korea in 2006 and has since been deployed in most parts of the world.
The first-release LTE standard was commercially deployed in Oslo, Norway, and Stockholm, Sweden in 2009, and has since been deployed throughout most parts of the world. However, it has been debated whether the first-release versions should be considered 4G. The 4G wireless cellular standard was defined by the ITU and specifies the key characteristics of the standard, including transmission technology and data speeds.
Each generation of wireless cellular technology has introduced increased bandwidth speeds and network capacity. 4G has speeds of up to 150 Mbit/s download and 50 Mbit/s upload, whereas 3G had a peak speed of 7.2 Mbit/s download and 2 Mbit/s upload.[3] 4G is not backward compatible with 3G due to significant differences in network architecture and technological advancements. It was eventually succeeded by 5G, which introduced even faster speeds, lower latency, and the ability to support advanced use cases across various industries.
As of 2022,[update] 4G technology accounted for 60 percent of all mobile connections worldwide.[4]
- ^ Li, Zhengmao; Wang, Xiaoyun; Zhang, Tongxu (August 11, 2020), "From 5G to 5G+", 5G+, Singapore: Springer Singapore, pp. 19–33, doi:10.1007/978-981-15-6819-0_3, ISBN 978-981-15-6818-3, S2CID 225014477, retrieved August 3, 2022
- ^ "ITU says LTE, WiMax and HSPA+ are now officially 4G". phonearena.com. December 18, 2010. Retrieved June 19, 2022.
- ^ "How fast are 4G and 5G? - Speeds and UK network performance". www.4g.co.uk. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
- ^ "Market share of mobile telecommunication technologies worldwide from 2016 to 2025, by generation". Statista. February 2022.