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Anarcho-capitalism

"Ancap" redirects here. For other uses, see ANCAP.
Not to be confused with narco-capitalism.

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A two-colored flag, split diagonally, with yellow at the top and black at the bottom
The black and gold flag, a symbol of anarchism (black) and capitalism (gold) which according to Murray Rothbard was first flown in 1963 in Colorado[1] and is also used by the Swedish AnarkoKapitalistisk Front[citation needed]

Anarcho-capitalism (colloquially: ancap or an-cap) is a political philosophy and economic theory according to which all government institutions can and should be replaced by private ones.[2] Anarcho-capitalists hold that society tends to contractually self-regulate and civilize through the voluntary exchange of goods and services. This would ideally result in a voluntary society[3][4][5][6] based on concepts such as the non-aggression principle, free markets and self-ownership. In such a society, private property rights would be enforced by private agencies. In the absence of statute private defence agencies and/or insurance companies would operate competitively in a market and fulfill the roles of courts and the police, similar to a state apparatus. Some anarcho-capitalist philosophies understand control of private property as part of the self, and some permit control of other people as private property.[7][8]

According to its proponents, various historical theorists have espoused philosophies similar to anarcho-capitalism.[9] While the earliest extant attestation of "anarchocapitalism" [sic] is in Karl Hess's essay "The Death of Politics" published by Playboy in March 1969,[10][11] American economist Murray Rothbard was credited with coining the terms anarcho-capitalist[12][13] and anarcho-capitalism in 1971.[14] A leading figure in the 20th-century American libertarian movement,[6] Rothbard synthesized elements from the Austrian School, classical liberalism and 19th-century American individualist anarchists and mutualists Lysander Spooner and Benjamin Tucker, while rejecting the labor theory of value.[15][16][17] Rothbard's anarcho-capitalist society would operate under a mutually agreed-upon "legal code which would be generally accepted, and which the courts would pledge themselves to follow".[18] This legal code would recognize contracts between individuals, private property, self-ownership and tort law in keeping with the non-aggression principle.[6][18][19] Anyone who disagreed with the legal code would ultimately be subject to enforcement measures such as those utilised by a state.[20] Rothbard views the power of the state as unjustified, arguing that it restricts individual rights and prosperity, and creates social and economic problems.[6]

Anarcho-capitalists and right-libertarians cite several historical precedents of what they believe to be examples of quasi-anarcho-capitalism,[25] including the Republic of Cospaia,[26] Acadia,[27] Anglo-Saxon England,[28][3] Medieval Iceland,[27] the American Old West,[27] Gaelic Ireland,[6] and merchant law, admiralty law, and early common law.

Anarcho-capitalism is distinguished from minarchism, which advocates a minimal governing body (typically a night-watchman state limited to protecting individuals from aggression and enforcing private property) and from objectivism (which is a broader philosophy advocating a limited role, yet unlimited size, of said government).[29] Anarcho-capitalists consider themselves to be anarchists despite supporting private property and private institutions.[28]

  1. ^ Rothbard, Murray N., The Betrayal of the American Right Archived 30 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine (2007): 188
  2. ^ Geloso, Vincent; Leeson, Peter T. (2020). "Are Anarcho-Capitalists Insane? Medieval Icelandic Conflict Institutions in Comparative Perspective". Revue d'économie politique. 130 (6): 957–974. doi:10.3917/redp.306.0115. ISSN 0373-2630. S2CID 235008718. Archived from the original on 5 August 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2022. Anarcho-capitalism is a variety of libertarianism according to which all government institutions can and should be replaced by private ones.
  3. ^ a b Morriss, Andrew (2008). "Anarcho-Capitalism". In Hamowy, Ronald (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage; Cato Institute. pp. 13–14. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n8. ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4. OCLC 750831024. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  4. ^ Stringham, Edward (2007). Anarchy and the law: the political economy of choice. Transaction Publishers. p. 51. ISBN 978-1-4128-0579-7. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  5. ^ Marshall, Peter. "Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism – The New Right and Anarcho-capitalism". dwardmac.pitzer.edu. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  6. ^ a b c d e Costa, Daniel (21 October 2022). "Anarcho-capitalism". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 25 October 2022. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
  7. ^ Block, Walter (2003). "Toward a Libertarian Theory of Inalienability: A Critique of Rothbard, Barnett, Smith, Kinsella, Gordon, and Epstein". The Journal of Libertarian Studies. 17 (3). Mises Institute.
  8. ^ Vandenberg, Christopher; Block, Walter E. (2022). "The Case in Favor of the Voluntary Slave Contract". Political Analysis: Croatian and International Politics Quarterly. 11 (41). HRČAK: 22–29.
  9. ^ Hoppe, Hans-Hermann (31 December 2001). "Anarcho-Capitalism: An Annotated Bibliography" Archived 11 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Lew Rockwell.com. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  10. ^ Hess, Karl (2003) [March 1969]. "The Death of Politics". Faré's Home Page. Playboy. Archived from the original on 2 August 2019. Retrieved 9 October 2023. Laissez-faire capitalism, or anarchocapitalism [sic], is simply the economic form of the libertarian ethic. Laissez-faire capitalism encompasses the notion that men should exchange goods and services, without regulation, solely on the basis of value for value. It recognizes charity and communal enterprises as voluntary versions of this same ethic. Such a system would be straight barter, except for the widely felt need for a division of labor in which men, voluntarily, accept value tokens such as cash and credit. Economically, this system is anarchy, and proudly so.
  11. ^ Johnson, Charles (28 August 2015). "Karl Hess on Anarcho-Capitalism". Center for a Stateless Society. Archived from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2023. In fact, the earliest documented, printed use of the word "anarcho-capitalism" that I can find [6] actually comes neither from Wollstein nor from Rothbard, but from Karl Hess's manifesto "The Death of Politics," which was published in Playboy in March, 1969. [boldface in original]
  12. ^ Leeson, Robert (2017). Hayek: A Collaborative Biography, Part IX: The Divine Right of the 'Free' Market. Springer. p. 180. ISBN 978-3-319-60708-5. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023. To the original 'anarchocapitalist' (Rothbard coined the term) [...].
  13. ^ Roberta Modugno Crocetta, "Murray Rothbard's anarcho-capitalism in the contemporary debate. A critical defense", Ludwig Von Mises Institute. Archived from the original. quote: "Murray Rothbard suggests the anarcho-capitalist mode, [...]"
  14. ^ Flood, Anthony (2010). Untitled preface to Rothbard's "Know Your Rights" Archived 11 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine, originally published in WIN: Peace and Freedom through Nonviolent Action, Volume 7, No. 4, 1 March 1971, 6–10. Flood's quote: "Rothbard's neologism, 'anarchocapitalism,' probably makes its first appearance in print here."
  15. ^ Miller, David; et al., eds. (1987). Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 290. ISBN 978-0-631-17944-3. A student and disciple of the Austrian economist Ludwig von Mises, Rothbard combined the laissez-faire economics of his teacher with the absolutist views of human rights and rejection of the state he had absorbed from studying the individualist American anarchists of the 19th century such as Lysander Spooner and Benjamin Tucker.
  16. ^ Bottomore, Tom (1991). "Anarchism". A Dictionary of Marxist Thought. Oxford: Blackwell Reference. p. 21. ISBN 0-63118082-6.
  17. ^ Outhwaite, William (2003). "Anarchism". The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-631-22164-7. Their successors today, such as Murray Rothbard, having abandoned the labor theory of value, describe themselves as anarcho-capitalists.
  18. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference Rothbard was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  19. ^ Cite error: The named reference miseslawproperty was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  20. ^ "Role of Personal Justice in Anarcho-capitalism, The | Mises Institute". mises.org. 30 July 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2024.
  21. ^ Cite error: The named reference ANCAP FAQ was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  22. ^ Cite error: The named reference Friedman-79 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  23. ^ Long, Roderick T. (6 June 2002). "Privatization, Viking Style: Model or Misfortune? (The Vikings Were Libertarians)". LewRockwell.com. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  24. ^ Cite error: The named reference tabarroki was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  25. ^ [18][21][22][23][24]
  26. ^ McFarland, Ellie (11 April 2020). "The Republic of Cospaia: An Anarchist Renaissance City". Mises Institute. Archived from the original on 3 September 2022. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
  27. ^ a b c Williams, Benjamin (9 August 2022). "The Acadian Community: An Anarcho-Capitalist Success Story". Mises Institute. Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
  28. ^ a b Morriss, Andrew P. (15 August 2008). "Anarcho-Capitalism". Libertarianism.org. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2022. Although most anarchists oppose all large institutions, public or private, anarcho-capitalists oppose the state, but not private actors with significant market power.
  29. ^ Long, Roderick T.; Machan, Tibor R., eds. (2008). Anarchism/Minarchism: Is a Government Part of a Free Country?. Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-6066-8.

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