Back Angolese Oorlog vir Onafhanklikheid AF حرب الاستقلال الأنغولية Arabic Guerra de la Independencia d'Angola AST آنقولا باغیمسیزلیق ساواشی AZB Вайна за незалежнасць Анголы BE Guerra de la Independència d'Angola Catalan Angolská válka za nezávislost Czech Πόλεμος της Ανεξαρτησίας της Ανγκόλας Greek Guerra de la independencia de Angola Spanish Angola vabadussõda ET
| Angolan War of Independence | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Portuguese Colonial War, the Decolonization of Africa and the Cold War | |||||||||
 Portuguese troops on patrol in Angola | |||||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||||
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Material support: Material support:  FLECRDL |
Material support: | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| 32,000[30] | 65,000[citation needed] | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| 25,000 killed[31] |
6,000 killed[32] 4,684 with permanent deficiency (physical and/or psychological) | ||||||||
| 30,000–50,000 civilians killed[33] | |||||||||
| History of Angola | ||||||||||||||||
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| Post-war Angola’s | ||||||||||||||||
| See also | ||||||||||||||||
| Years in Angola | ||||||||||||||||
The Angolan War of Independence (Portuguese: Guerra de Independência de Angola; 1961–1974), known as the Armed Struggle of National Liberation (Portuguese: Luta Armada de Libertação Nacional)[34][35] in Angola, was a war of independence fought between the Angolan nationalist forces of the MPLA, UNITA and FNLA, and Portugal. It began as an uprising by Angolans against the Portuguese imposition of forced cultivation of only cotton as a commodity crop. As the resistance spread against colonial authorities, multiple factions developed that struggled for control of Portugal's overseas province of Angola. There were three nationalist movements and also a separatist movement.[36]
The war ended when a peaceful coup in Lisbon in April 1974 overthrew Portugal's Estado Novo dictatorship. The new regime immediately stopped all military action in the African colonies, declaring its intention to grant them independence without delay.
The conflict is usually approached as a branch or a theater of the wider Portuguese Colonial War. This included the independence wars of Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique.
The Angolans waged a guerrilla war, to which the Portuguese army and security forces conducted a counter-insurgency campaign against armed groups, who were mostly dispersed across sparsely populated areas of the vast Angolan countryside.[37] Many atrocities were committed by all forces involved in the conflict.
After the Portuguese withdrew, an armed conflict broke out in Angola among the nationalist movements. The war formally came to an end in January 1975 when the Portuguese government, the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), and the National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) signed the Alvor Agreement. Informally, the civil war resumed by May 1975, including street fighting in Luanda and the surrounding countryside.
- ^ The Soviet Union and Revolutionary Warfare: Principles, Practices, and Regional Comparisons, 1988, pp. 117–118.
- ^ Cuba: The International Dimension, 1990, pp. 155–157.
- ^ Cuba in the World, 1979, pp. 95–96.
- ^ Abbott, Peter; Manuel Ribeiro Rodrigues (1988). Modern African Wars: Angola and Mozambique, 1961–74. p. 10.
- ^ a b Radu, Michael (17 July 1988). "Soviet Activities in Sub-Saharan Africa: Final Report". Foreign Policy Research Institute – via Google Books.
- ^ a b China), United States Consulate General (Hong Kong (17 December 1974). "Current Background". American Consulate General. – via Google Books.
- ^ a b "Radio Free Europe Research". RFE/RL. 17 April 1979 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b Howe, Herbert M. (2004). Ambiguous Order: Military Forces In African States. Lynne Rienner. pp. 81. ISBN 978-1555879310.
- ^ Gleijeses, Piero (2002). Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, and Africa, 1959-1976. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 243.
- ^ "Angola-Ascendancy of the MPLA". data.mongabay.com.
- ^ Gebril, Mahmoud (1988), Imagery and Ideology in U.S. Policy Toward Libya 1969–1982, p. 70
- ^ a b Selcher, Wayne A. (1976). "Brazilian Relations with Portuguese Africa in the Context of the Elusive "Luso-Brazilian Community"". Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs. 18 (1): 25–58. doi:10.2307/174815. JSTOR 174815.
- ^ Adelman, Kenneth L. (1975). "Report from Angola". Foreign Affairs. 53 (3): 558–574. doi:10.2307/20039527. ISSN 0015-7120. JSTOR 20039527.
- ^ Foreign Intervention in Africa: From the Cold War to the War on Terror, 2013, p. 81.
- ^ China and Africa: A Century of Engagement, 2012, p. 339.
- ^ Armed Forces and Modern Counter-insurgency, 1985, p. 140.
- ^ "FNLA – um movimento em permanente letargia, guerracolonial.org" (in Portuguese).
- ^ The Cuban Intervention in Angola, 1965-1991, 2004, p.170
- ^ Paraska Tolan-Szkilnik: Maghreb Noir: The Militant-Artists of North Africa and the Struggle for a Pan-African, Postcolonial Future, Stanford University Press, 2023.
- ^ Emizet Francois Kisangani, Scott F. Bobb: Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Scarecrow Press, 2009, p. 458.
- ^ AlʻAmin Mazrui, Ali (1977). The Warrior Tradition in Modern Africa. Brill Academic. p. 228. ISBN 978-9004056466.
- ^ Stockwell, John. "1975, Angola: Mercenaries, Murder and Corruption". Coalition to Oppose the Arms Trade. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
- ^ Telepneva, Natalia (2022). Cold War Liberation: The Soviet Union and the Collapse of the Portuguese Empire in Africa, 1961-1975. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-4696-6586-3.
- ^ "The South African Air Force". saairforce.co.za.
- ^ Regional Orders: Building Security in a New World, 1997, p. 306.
- ^ A Political History of the Civil War in Angola, 1974-1990, 2020, p.76
- ^ "ANGOLA, NATIONAL LIBERATION, AND THE SOVIET UNION" (PDF).
- ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2020). The Cold War: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection. Abc-Clio. p. 60. ISBN 9781440860768.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
alvorwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Angola Army - History".
- ^ Mid-Range Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century retrieved March 7, 2024
- ^ "Portugal Angola - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System". photius.com.
- ^ Mid-Range Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century retrieved March 7, 2024
- ^ "Angola lembra 4 de Fevereiro de 1961 início da Luta Armada de Libertação Nacional". SAPO Notícias. Archived from the original on 7 April 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
- ^ "National Hero's deeds for independence highlighted - Politics - Angola Press - ANGOP". angop.ao.
- ^ John Marcum, The Angolan Revolution, vol. I, The Anatomy of an Explosion (1950–1962), vol. II, Exile Politics and Guerrilla Warfare, Cambridge/Mass. & London: MIT Press, 1969 and 1978, respectively.
- ^ António Pires Nunes, Angola 1966–74