Battle of Malplaquet

Battle of Malplaquet
Part of the War of the Spanish Succession
The Battle of Malplaquet, Jan van Huchtenburgh
Date 11 September 1709 (1709-09-11) Location Taisnières-sur-Hon, French Hainaut 50°20′10″N 3°52′35″E / 50.33611°N 3.87639°E / 50.33611; 3.87639 Result See Aftermath
Belligerents
Dutch Republic  Great Britain  Holy Roman Empire  Prussia	France
Commanders and leaders
Marlborough Eugene of Savoy Tilly Prince of Orange Fagel Lottum Schulenburg Earl of Orkney	Villars (WIA) Boufflers Puységur De la Colonie
Strength
86,000 men, 100 guns[1]	75,000 men, 80 guns[2]
Casualties and losses
c. 22,000	c. 11,000

The Battle of Malplaquet took place on 11 September 1709 during the War of the Spanish Succession, near Taisnières-sur-Hon in modern France, then part of the Spanish Netherlands. A French army of around 75,000 men, commanded by the Duke of Villars, engaged a Grand Alliance force of 86,000 under the Duke of Marlborough. In one of the bloodiest battles of the 18th century, the Allies won a narrow victory, but suffered heavy casualties.

Allied advances in 1708 led to the renewal of peace talks, which collapsed in April 1709. After taking Tournai in early September, the Allies besieged Mons, whose capture would allow them to enter France itself, and Louis XIV ordered Villars to prevent its loss. Although the two armies made contact on 10 September, the attack was delayed until the next day, giving Villars time to construct strong defensive positions.

After an opening artillery barrage, the Allied infantry made simultaneous assaults on the French flanks. These were intended to divert troops from their centre, weakening it sufficiently so it could then be broken by a mass Allied cavalry charge. Although successful in previous battles, at Malplaquet the flank attacks incurred heavy casualties, while the French cavalry ensured their centre did not collapse. This allowed their infantry to retreat in good order, with the Allies too exhausted to conduct a pursuit.

Most historians estimate Allied losses as about 22,000 killed or wounded, those of the French being around 11,000. These levels shocked contemporaries, and heightened internal divisions within the Grand Alliance over the wisdom of continuing the war. By saving his army, Villars ultimately enabled Louis to negotiate far better peace terms in 1713 than those available in 1709. However, it did little to change the immediate strategic situation; Mons surrendered shortly afterward and the Allies resumed their advance in 1710.