Back نظام برمجة كلو Arabic CLU Czech CLU (Programmiersprache) German CLU Spanish سیالیو FA CLU Finnish CLU (langage) French CLU GL CLU (linguaggio di programmazione) Italian CLU Japanese
&sq=crain_ford&lang=en&file=File:Question_book-new.svg){kind=small} | This article needs additional citations for verification. (February 2013) |
| Paradigm | multi-paradigm: object-oriented, procedural |
|---|---|
| Designed by | Barbara Liskov and her students |
| Developer | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| First appeared | 1975 |
| Stable release | |
| Typing discipline | strong |
| Website | pmg |
| Major implementations | |
| PDP-10 CLU,[3] Native CLU,[1] Portable CLU,[2] clu2c[4] | |
| Influenced by | |
| ALGOL 60, Lisp, Simula, Alphard | |
| Influenced | |
| Ada, Argus, C++,[5] Lua, Python,[6] Ruby, Sather, Swift[7] | |
CLU is a programming language created at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) by Barbara Liskov and her students starting in 1973.[8] While it did not find extensive use, it introduced many features that are used widely now, and is seen as a step in the development of object-oriented programming (OOP).
Key contributions include abstract data types,[9] call-by-sharing, iterators, multiple return values (a form of parallel assignment), type-safe parameterized types, and type-safe variant types. It is also notable for its use of classes with constructors and methods, but without inheritance.
- ^ a b Curtis, Dorothy (2009-11-06). "CLU home page". Programming Methodology Group, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2016-05-26.
- ^ a b Curtis, Dorothy (2009-11-06). "Index of /pub/pclu". Programming Methodology Group, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2016-05-26.
- ^ "CLU files, 1976–1989". Tapes of Tech Square (ToTS) collection, MC-0741. Department of Distinctive Collections, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. swh:1:dir:5dc935d1c236b15a99b0750cf236b2d89ec951d0.
- ^ Ushijima, Tetsu. "clu2c". clu2c. woodsheep.jp. Retrieved 2016-05-26.
- ^ Stroustrup, Bjarne (1996). A History of C++: 1979--1991. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 699–769. doi:10.1145/234286.1057836. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
- ^ Lundh, Fredrik. "Call By Object". effbot.org. Archived from the original on 23 November 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
replace "CLU" with "Python", "record" with "instance", and "procedure" with "function or method", and you get a pretty accurate description of Python's object model.
- ^ Lattner, Chris (2014-06-03). "Chris Lattner's Homepage". Chris Lattner. Retrieved 2014-06-03.
The Swift language is the product of tireless effort from a team of language experts, documentation gurus, compiler optimization ninjas, and an incredibly important internal dogfooding group who provided feedback to help refine and battle-test ideas. Of course, it also greatly benefited from the experiences hard-won by many other languages in the field, drawing ideas from Objective-C, Rust, Haskell, Ruby, Python, C#, CLU, and far too many others to list.
- ^ Liskov, Barbara (1992). "A history of CLU". The second ACM SIGPLAN conference on History of programming languages.
- ^ Liskov, Barbara; Zilles, Stephen (1974). "Programming with abstract data types". Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Very high level languages. pp. 50–59. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.136.3043. doi:10.1145/800233.807045.