Back Calvin Coolidge AF ካልቪን ኩሊጅ AM Calvin Coolidge AN Calvin Coolidge ANG كالفين كوليدج Arabic كالفين كوليدج ARZ Calvin Coolidge AST Calvin Coolidge AY Kalvin Kulic AZ جان کالوین کولیج AZB
Calvin Coolidge | |
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.png) Official portrait, 1924 | |
| 30th President of the United States | |
| In office August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1929 | |
| Vice President |
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| Preceded by | Warren G. Harding |
| Succeeded by | Herbert Hoover |
| 29th Vice President of the United States | |
| In office March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923 | |
| President | Warren G. Harding |
| Preceded by | Thomas R. Marshall |
| Succeeded by | Charles G. Dawes |
| 48th Governor of Massachusetts | |
| In office January 2, 1919 – January 6, 1921 | |
| Lieutenant | Channing H. Cox |
| Preceded by | Samuel W. McCall |
| Succeeded by | Channing H. Cox |
| 46th Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts | |
| In office January 6, 1916 – January 2, 1919 | |
| Governor | Samuel W. McCall |
| Preceded by | Grafton D. Cushing |
| Succeeded by | Channing H. Cox |
| President of the Massachusetts Senate | |
| In office January 7, 1914 – January 6, 1915 | |
| Preceded by | Levi H. Greenwood |
| Succeeded by | Henry Gordon Wells |
| Member of the Massachusetts Senate | |
| In office January 3, 1912 – January 6, 1915 | |
| Preceded by | Allen T. Treadway |
| Succeeded by | John B. Hull |
| Constituency | Berkshire, Hampden, and Hampshire counties |
| 16th Mayor of Northampton | |
| In office January 3, 1910 – January 1, 1912 | |
| Preceded by | James W. O'Brien |
| Succeeded by | William Feiker |
| Member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives from the 1st Hampshire district | |
| In office January 2, 1907 – January 6, 1909 | |
| Preceded by | Moses M. Bassett |
| Succeeded by | Charles A. Montgomery |
| Personal details | |
| Born | John Calvin Coolidge Jr. July 4, 1872 Plymouth Notch, Vermont, U.S. |
| Died | January 5, 1933 (aged 60) Northampton, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Resting place | Plymouth Notch Cemetery |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 2, including John |
| Parents |
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| Relatives |
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| Education | Amherst College (AB) |
| Occupation |
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| Signature |  |
Calvin Coolidge (born John Calvin Coolidge Jr.[1] /ˈkuːlɪdʒ/ KOOL-ij; July 4, 1872 – January 5, 1933) was the 30th president of the United States, serving from 1923 to 1929. A Republican lawyer from Massachusetts, he previously served as the 29th vice president from 1921 to 1923 under President Warren G. Harding, and as the 48th governor of Massachusetts from 1919 to 1921. Coolidge gained a reputation as a small-government conservative with a taciturn personality and dry sense of humor that earned him the nickname "Silent Cal".
Coolidge began his career as a member of the Massachusetts State House. He rose up the ranks of Massachusetts politics and was elected governor in 1918. As governor, Coolidge ran on the record of fiscal conservatism, strong support for women's suffrage, and vague opposition to Prohibition.[2] His prompt and effective response to the Boston police strike of 1919 thrust him into the national spotlight as a man of decisive action. The following year, the Republican Party nominated Coolidge as the running mate to Senator Warren G. Harding in the 1920 presidential election, which they won in a landslide. Coolidge served as vice president until Harding's death in 1923, after which he assumed the presidency.
During his presidency, Coolidge restored public confidence in the White House after the Harding administration's many scandals. He signed into law the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924, which granted U.S. citizenship to all Native Americans, and oversaw a period of rapid and expansive economic growth known as the "Roaring Twenties", leaving office with considerable popularity.[3] He was known for his hands-off governing approach and pro-business stance; biographer Claude Fuess wrote: "He embodied the spirit and hopes of the middle class, could interpret their longings and express their opinions. That he did represent the genius of the average is the most convincing proof of his strength."[4] Coolidge chose not to run again in 1928, remarking that ten years as president would be "longer than any other man has had it—too long!"[b]
Coolidge is widely admired for his stalwart support of racial equality during a period of heightened racial tension,[5] and is highly regarded by advocates of smaller government and laissez-faire economics; supporters of an active central government generally view him far less favorably. His critics argue that he failed to use the country's economic boom to help struggling farmers and workers in other flailing industries,[6] and there is still much debate among historians about the extent to which Coolidge's economic policies contributed to the onset of the Great Depression, which began shortly after he left office.[7] Scholars have ranked Coolidge in the lower half of U.S. presidents.
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- ^ "John Coolidge, Guardian of President's Legacy. Dies at 93". The New York Times. June 4, 2000. Retrieved May 11, 2019.
[He] had originally been John Calvin Coolidge, but dropped his first name to avoid confusion and later legally changed it.
- ^ Sobel 1998a, p. 111; McCoy 1967, pp. 75–76.
- ^ McCoy 1967, pp. 420–421; Greenberg 2006, pp. 49–53.
- ^ Fuess 1940, p. 500.
- ^ Sobel 1998a, pp. 12–13; Greenberg 2006, pp. 1–7.
- ^ Fieldstadt, Elisha (April 22, 2021). "Presidents ranked from worst to best". CBS News. Archived from the original on February 3, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2021.
- ^ "Significant Papers – Coolidge Prosperity Gave America the Reserve to Weather the Great Depression". Calvin Coolidge Presidential Foundation. Retrieved September 27, 2021.