Caninae

Canines; Temporal range: Oligocene to Holocene (34 Ma-present)
	Major canid clades, represented by a black-backed jackal (a wolf-like canine), a red fox (a vulpine) and a gray fox
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Family:	Canidae
Subfamily:	Caninae; Fischer de Waldheim, 1817
Genera
	†Leptocyon; Tribe Urocyonini †Metalopex Tedford, Wang, & Taylor 2008; Urocyon; ; Tribe Canini Subtribe Canina Canis †Xenocyon; ; Cuon; Lupulella; Lycaon; †Cynotherium; †Aenocyon; †Eucyon; †Mececyon; †Megacyon; ; Subtribe Cerdocyonina Atelocynus; Cerdocyon; Chrysocyon; Lycalopex; Speothos; †Dusicyon; †Nurocyon; †Protocyon; †Theriodictis; ; ; Tribe Vulpini Nyctereutes; Otocyon; Vulpes; †Prototocyon; ;

Caninae (whose members are known as canines (/keɪnaɪnz/)^[6]^: 182 is the only living subfamily within Canidae, alongside the extinct Borophaginae and Hesperocyoninae.^[7]^[1] They first appeared in North America, during the Oligocene around 35 million years ago, subsequently spreading to Asia and elsewhere in the Old World at the end of the Miocene,^[6]^: 122 some 7 million to 8 million years ago.^[7]

^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference Tedford2009 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ McKenna, M.C.; Bell, S.K. (1997). Classification of Mammals above the Species Level. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9.
^ Lyras, G.A.; van der Geer, A.E.; Dermitzakis, M.; de Vos, J. (2006). "Cynotherium sardous, an insular canid (Mammalia: Carnivora) from the Pleistocene of Sardinia (Italy), and its origin". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 26 (3): 735–745. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[735:CSAICM]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 84448363.
^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–628. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ Sotnikova, M. (2006). "A new canid Nurocyon chonokhariensis gen. et sp. nov.(Canini, Canidae, Mammalia) from the Pliocene of Mongolia" (PDF). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg. 256: 11. Retrieved 4 May 2008.
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference wang2008 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference miklosi2015 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Tedford2009-1] Cite error: The named reference Tedford2009 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[McKennaBell1997-2] McKenna, M.C.; Bell, S.K. (1997). Classification of Mammals above the Species Level. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9.

[Lyras-3] Lyras, G.A.; van der Geer, A.E.; Dermitzakis, M.; de Vos, J. (2006). "Cynotherium sardous, an insular canid (Mammalia: Carnivora) from the Pleistocene of Sardinia (Italy), and its origin". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 26 (3): 735–745. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[735:CSAICM]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 84448363.

[msw3-4] Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–628. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

[Sotnikova2006-5] Sotnikova, M. (2006). "A new canid Nurocyon chonokhariensis gen. et sp. nov.(Canini, Canidae, Mammalia) from the Pliocene of Mongolia" (PDF). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg. 256: 11. Retrieved 4 May 2008.

[wang2008-6] Cite error: The named reference wang2008 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[miklosi2015-7] Cite error: The named reference miklosi2015 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[1]

[6]

[7]