Back চৈনিক বৌদ্ধ আনুশাসনিক ধর্মগ্রন্থ Bengali/Bangla Dazangjing French चीनी बौद्ध साहित्य HI Kínai buddhista kánon Hungarian Tripitaka Tionghoa ID Canone buddista cinese Italian 대장경 Korean चिनी बौद्ध त्रिपिटक MR Den kinesiske buddhistiske kanon NB Cânone budista chinês Portuguese
The Chinese Buddhist canon refers to a traditional collection of Chinese language Buddhist texts which are the central canonical works of East Asian Buddhism.[1][2][3] The traditional term for the canon is Great Storage of Scriptures (traditional Chinese: 大藏經; simplified Chinese: 大藏经; pinyin: Dàzàngjīng; Japanese: 大蔵経; rōmaji: Daizōkyō; Korean: 대장경; romaja: Daejanggyeong; Vietnamese: Đại tạng kinh).[3] The Chinese canon is a major source of scriptural and spiritual authority for East Asian Buddhism (the Buddhism of China, Korea, Japan and Vietnam). It is also an object of worship and devotion for Asian Buddhists and its reproduction is seen as an act of merit making.[4][5] The canon has also been called by other names like “Internal Classics” (neidian 内典), “Myriad of Scriptures” (zhongjing 眾經), or “All Scriptures” (yiqieing 一切經).[6]
The development of the Great Storage of Scriptures was influenced by the Indian Buddhist concept of a Tripitaka, literally meaning "three baskets" (of Sutra, Vinaya, and Abhidharma), a term which referred to the scriptural canons of the various Indian Buddhist schools. However, Chinese Buddhists historically did not have access to a single Tripitaka from one school or collection.[7] Instead, the canon grew over centuries as various Indian texts were translated and new texts composed in China. These various works (4,878 individual texts according to the Chinese scholar He Mei) were later collected into a distinct Chinese canon.[8][9]
The Chinese Buddhist Canon also contains many texts which were composed outside of the Indian subcontinent, including numerous texts composed in China, such as philosophical treatises, commentaries, histories, philological works, catalogs, biographies, geographies, travelogues, genealogies of famous monks, encyclopedias and dictionaries. As such, the Great Storage of Scriptures, the foundation of East Asian Buddhist teachings, reflects the evolution of Chinese Buddhism over time, and the religious and scholarly efforts of generations of translators, scholars and monastics.[10][9] This process began with the first translations in the Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE) after which a period of intense translation work followed in the succeeding dynasties. The first complete canons appear in the Eastern Jin and the Sui Dynasties, while the first woodblock printed canon (xylography), known as the Kaibao Canon, was printed during the Song dynasty between 971 to 983.[11] Later eras saw further editions of the canon published in China, Korea and Japan like the Tripitaka Koreana (11th & 13th centuries) and the Qianlong Canon (1735-1738). One of the most widespread edition used by modern scholars today is the Taishō Tripiṭaka, produced in Japan in the 20th century. More recent developments have seen the establishment of digital canons available online, such as CBETA online (Chinese Buddhist Electronic Text Association).
The language of these scriptures is termed "Buddhist Chinese" (Fojiao Hanyu 佛教漢語), and is a variety of literary Chinese with several unique elements such as a distinctly Buddhist terminology that includes transliterations from Indian languages and newly coined Chinese Buddhist words.[12][13]
- ^ Han, Yongun; Yi, Yeongjae; Gwon, Sangro (2017). Tracts on the Modern Reformation of Korean Buddhism. Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism (published September 20, 2017).
- ^ Storch, Tanya (2014). The History of Chinese Buddhist Bibliography: Censorship and Transformation. Cambria Press (published March 25, 2014).
- ^ a b Jiang Wu, "The Chinese Buddhist Canon" in The Wiley Blackwell Companion to East and Inner Asian Buddhism, p. 299, Wiley-Blackwell (2014).
- ^ Wu, Jiang (2014), "The Chinese Buddhist Canon", The Wiley Blackwell Companion to East and Inner Asian Buddhism, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 361–382, doi:10.1002/9781118610398.ch18, ISBN 978-1-118-61039-8, retrieved November 27, 2024
- ^ Jiang & Chia (2016), p. 3.
- ^ Jiang & Chia (2016), pp. 18-19.
- ^ Jiang Wu, "The Chinese Buddhist Canon through the Ages: Essential Categories and Critical Issues in the Study of a Textual Tradition" in Spreading Buddha's word in East Asia: the formation and transformation of the Chinese Buddhist canon, p. 23, ed. Jiang Wu and Lucille Chia, New York: Columbia University Press (2015)
- ^ Lancaster, Lewis, "The Movement of Buddhist Texts from India to China and the Construction of the Chinese Buddhist Canon", pp. 226-227, in Buddhism Across Boundaries--Chinese Buddhism and the Western Regions, ed. John R McRae and Jan Nattier, Sino-Platonic Papers 222, Philadelphia, PA: Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, University of Pennsylvania (2012)
- ^ a b Jiang & Chia (2016), p. 19.
- ^ Lancaster, Lewis. "The Korean Buddhist Canon: A Descriptive Catalogue". www.acmuller.net. Retrieved November 26, 2024.
- ^ Lancaster, Lewis R.; Park, Sung Bae. The Korean Buddhist Canon: A Descriptive Catalogue, p. x. University of California Press, Jan 1, 1979.
- ^ Lock, Graham; Linebarger, Gary S. Chinese Buddhist Texts: An Introductory Reader, Introduction. 2018
- ^ Mair, Victor H.(梅维恒) 1994. Buddhism and the Rise of the Written Vernacular in East Asia: The Making of National Languages. The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 53, No. 3: 707–751. 汉译:佛教与东亚白话文的兴起:国语的产生(王继红、顾满林译), 载Zhu, Qingzhi(朱庆之)编Fojiao Hanyu yanjiu 佛教汉语研究 [Studies of Buddhist Chinese]. Beijing: Shangwu yinshuguan 北京:商务印书馆 [Beijing: The Commercial Press]. 2009: 358–409.