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A cholo or chola is a member of a Chicano and Latino subculture or lifestyle associated with a particular set of dress, behavior, and worldview which originated in Los Angeles.[1] A veterano or veterana is an older member of the same subculture.[2][3][4] Other terms referring to male members of the subculture may include vato and vato loco.[5][6] Cholo was first reclaimed by Chicano youth in the 1960s and emerged as a popular identification in the late 1970s.[1][7] The subculture has historical roots in the Pachuco subculture, but today is largely equated with antisocial or criminal behavior such as gang activity.[8][9]
- ^ a b Rosas, Gilberto (2012). Barrio Libre: Criminalizing States and Delinquent Refusals of the New Frontier. Duke University Press. pp. 80–88. ISBN 9780822352372.
- ^ Diego Vigil, James (Spring 1983). "Chicano Gangs: One Response To Mexican Urban Adaptation In The Los Angeles Area". Urban Anthropology. 12 (1): 45–75. JSTOR 40552988.
- ^ Gómez-Peña, Guillermo; Taccone, Tony (2003). Culture Clash in America. Theatre Communications Group. p. 144. ISBN 9781559362160.
- ^ Christof, Tag (August 15, 2019). "Cruising low and slow: The 'Lowrider Capital of the World' is seeing a rolling revival—thanks to local pride, pageantry, and hydraulics". Roadtrippers. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
- ^ Diego Vigil, James (2010). Barrio Gangs: Street Life and Identity in Southern California. University of Texas Press. pp. 40–42, 113. ISBN 9780292786776.
- ^ "13 Things You Should Know About Cholo Culture". we are mitú. November 7, 2018.
- ^ Chavez Candelaria, Cordelia. Encyclopedia of Latino Popular Culture: Volume 1. pp. 160, 266.
- ^ Plascencia-Castillo, José S. (2019). Gringo Injustice: Insider Perspectives on Police, Gangs, and Law. Routledge. pp. 154–69. ISBN 9780367276065.
- ^ Rios, Victor M.; Diego Vigil, James; Patrick, Lopez-Aguado (2017). Human Targets: Schools, Police, and the Criminalization of Latino Youth. University of Chicago Press. pp. 75–85. ISBN 9780226090993.