Christianization of Scandinavia

The Christianization of Scandinavia, as well as other Nordic countries and the Baltic countries, took place between the 8th and the 12th centuries. The realms of Denmark, Norway and Sweden established their own archdioceses, responsible directly to the pope, in 1104, 1154 and 1164, respectively. The conversion to Christianity of the Scandinavian people required more time, since it took additional efforts to establish a network of churches.

The earliest signs of Christianization were in the 830s with Ansgar's construction of churches in Birka and Hedeby.^[1] The conversion of Scandinavian kings occurred over the period 960–1020.^[1] Subsequently, Scandinavian kings sought to establish churches, dioceses and Christian kingship, as well as destroy pagan temples.^[1] Denmark was the first Scandinavian country to Christianize, as Harald Bluetooth declared this around AD 965,^[2] and raised the larger of the two Jelling Stones.^[3] According to historian Anders Winroth, Christianity was not forced upon Scandinavians by foreign states or foreign missionaries, but instead willfully adopted by Scandinavian kings who saw the religion as politically advantageous.^[4]

Although the Scandinavians became nominally Christian, it took considerably longer for actual Christian beliefs to establish themselves among the people in some regions,^[5]^[6] while the people were Christianized before the king in other regions. During the Early Middle Ages the papacy had not yet manifested itself as the central Roman Catholic authority, thus making it possible for regional variants of Christianity to develop.^[7]

^ ^a ^b ^c Winroth, Anders (2012). The Conversion of Scandinavia: Vikings, Merchants, and Missionaries in the Remaking of Northern Europe. Yale University Press. pp. 104–118. ISBN 978-0-300-17026-9. JSTOR j.ctt1nq59r. Archived from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
^ "Christianity comes to Denmark". National Museum of Denmark. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
^ "Jellingstenene, ca. 950–965". danmarkshistorien.dk. Archived from the original on 7 January 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
^ Winroth, Anders (2012). The Conversion of Scandinavia: Vikings, Merchants, and Missionaries in the Remaking of Northern Europe. Yale University Press. pp. 161–162. ISBN 978-0-300-17026-9. JSTOR j.ctt1nq59r. Archived from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
^ Elena Melnikova, "How Christian Were Viking Christians?." Ruthenika, Suppl. 4 (2011) pp. 90–107
^ Schön 2004, 170
^ Sanmark 2004: 15

[:0-1] Winroth, Anders (2012). The Conversion of Scandinavia: Vikings, Merchants, and Missionaries in the Remaking of Northern Europe. Yale University Press. pp. 104–118. ISBN 978-0-300-17026-9. JSTOR j.ctt1nq59r. Archived from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2022.

[National_Museum_of_Denmark-2] "Christianity comes to Denmark". National Museum of Denmark. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 3 February 2023.

[3] "Jellingstenene, ca. 950–965". danmarkshistorien.dk. Archived from the original on 7 January 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2020.

[4] Winroth, Anders (2012). The Conversion of Scandinavia: Vikings, Merchants, and Missionaries in the Remaking of Northern Europe. Yale University Press. pp. 161–162. ISBN 978-0-300-17026-9. JSTOR j.ctt1nq59r. Archived from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2022.

[5] Elena Melnikova, "How Christian Were Viking Christians?." Ruthenika, Suppl. 4 (2011) pp. 90–107

[Schön170-6] Schön 2004, 170

[Sanmark04-15-7] Sanmark 2004: 15

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]