Demographic history of Peru

Demographics of Peru
Population	32,971,854
Density	26.06[1]
Growth rate	1.42%
Birth rate	574,987
Death rate	185,606
Life expectancy	76.95 years
• male	74.29 years[2]
• female	79.71 years[2]
Fertility rate	2.21
Net migration rate	3.12 per thousand[3]
Nationality
Nationality	Peruvian
Major ethnic	Spaniards, Amerindians
Minor ethnic	Chinese Peruvians, Japanese Peruvians
Language
Official	Spanish
Spoken	Aymara, Quechua

Part of a series on the
History of Peru
By chronology Pre-Columbian Peru 12000 BCE–1532 Ancient civilizations 3500 BCE–1470 Inca Empire 1438–1533/1572 Spanish conquest 1532–1572 Viceroyalty 1542–1824 War of Independence 1809–1826 Foundational Period 1821–1842 Protectorate of Peru 1821–1822 Supreme Governing Junta 1822–1823 Confederation and War 1836–1839 Restoration 1839–1841 Military Anarchy 1841–1845 Guano Era 1845–1866 Chincha Islands War 1865–1879 War of the Pacific 1879–1883 Occupation of Peru 1879–1883 Occupation of Lima 1881–1883 Peruvian Resistance 1881–1883 National Reconstruction 1884–1895 Aristocratic Republic 1895–1919 New Motherland 1919–1930 Ecuadorian–Peruvian War 1941 Odría Dictatorship 1948–1956 Moderate civil reform 1956–1968 Revolutionary Government 1968–1980 Return to democracy and terrorism 1980–2000 Internal conflict 1980–2000, 2002– Economic crisis 1980s Peruvian political crisis 2016–
By political entity History of the Inca Empire History of the Viceroyalty of Peru History of the Republic of Peru
By topic Demographic history Economic history Constitutional history Peruvian wars
See also Timeline Years in Peru Coups d'état
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The demographic history of Peru shows the structure of the population in different historical periods. Peru's population drastically increased in the 1900s, with a diverse range of ethnic divisions living in the country. Lima is its capital city situated along the Pacific Ocean coast, where most of its population lives, and its population size is around 9.75 million.^[4] Major cities are located near the coastal areas of Peru. In terms of population and area size, it is the fourth and third largest country in South America,^[5] a place where the ancestral transcends and all forms of art combine. Peru became an independent country on July 28, 1821. However, Peru did not have a proper national census until 1876, more than a half-century after independence.^[6] They took the data before the federal census through different mediums but not on a national level. The significant migration in Peru consisted of Indigenous people, Europeans, enslaved Africans, and Asians; Spaniards were the first European who came to Peru, arrived in 1531, and discovered the Inca culture.^[7] The Incas established pre-Columbian America's greatest and most advanced kingdom and monarchy.^[8] However, native Americans were still in a larger proportion to total population.

Peru is a multi-cultural country with a diverse range of ethnic, religious, and languages divisions among people. The blending and diversity of cultural traditions has resulted in a vast range of artistic, culinary, literary, and musical expressions throughout the Peru. Culturally, Peru is known as one of the oldest civilizations in America. Francisco Pizarro and his conquerors came in Peru, and were known as the Chachapoya who then lived in tropical Andean cloud forests.^[9] Roman Catholicism is Peru's most widespread affiliated religion.^[10] However, other religions, such as Buddhism, Islam, Hinduism, and a trend of being irreligion are also common, especially among young people.

Peruvian history is often divided into pre-Columbian and post-Columbian eras.