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The female masculinization hypothesis suggests that exposure to androgens during prenatal development can result in masculinized behavioral, morphological, or physiological traits in female mammals. This hypothesis was first proposed in the context of research on spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta), where females exhibit male-like characteristics, including a pseudopenis and elevated aggression. Early work by Laurence Glickman and colleagues in the 1980s and 1990s documented how high levels of prenatal androgens influenced the development of these traits in hyenas, providing a foundation for the hypothesis.
Subsequent studies expanded the hypothesis to other species, such as meerkats (Suricata suricatta) and banded mongooses (Mungos mungo), where dominant females often display increased aggression and other masculinized traits linked to reproductive competition. The female masculinization hypothesis continues to be a focal point for exploring the intersection of endocrine mechanisms, sexual selection, and evolutionary ecology.