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A founder cell is the first cell that is differentiated in the first steps of organogenesis.[1] The differentiation arises from the asymmetric division of stem cells, resulting in the formation of a daughter stem cell and a specialized cell type.[2] There is one founder cell for each tissue and organ formed during organogenesis.[3] Upon specification of a stem cell, the resulting founder cell is inactive and must be activated prior to growth and formation of the tissue.[4]
Founder cells are formed during embryonic development as the asymmetric division of cells occurs within the zygote.[5] These founder cells lead to the formation of ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm, and germ line.[6] These cell types are then further differentiated into more specific founder cells that are responsible for all tissue types including brain, skin, muscle, organs, and sex cells[6].
Due to the stage of development during which founder cells are found, the counting of founder cells is a difficult process and prior studies have estimated that mice have 2 to 9 founder cells that lead to the formation of a germ cell line and another study has estimated that, in humans, there are 2 to 3 founder cells responsible for germ line formation.[7]
- ^ Chandler, John W. (2011-11-01). "Founder cell specification". Trends in Plant Science. 16 (11): 607–613. Bibcode:2011TPS....16..607C. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2011.08.005. ISSN 1360-1385. PMID 21924666.
- ^ "founder cells definition". groups.molbiosci.northwestern.edu. Retrieved 2024-12-02.
- ^ Lackie, John (2010). A Dictionary of Biomedicine (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199549351.
- ^ Chandler, John W. (2011-11-01). "Founder cell specification". Trends in Plant Science. 16 (11): 607–613. Bibcode:2011TPS....16..607C. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2011.08.005. ISSN 1360-1385. PMID 21924666.
- ^ Rose, Lesilee; Gönczy, Pierre (2018). "Figure 1, Generation of founder cells in the early embryo". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2024-12-04.
- ^ a b "Stem Cell Basics | STEM Cell Information". stemcells.nih.gov. Retrieved 2024-12-03.
- ^ Zheng, Chang-Jiang; Luebeck, E. Georg; Byers, Breck; Moolgavkar, Suresh H. (2005-08-24). "On the number of founding germ cells in humans". Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling. 2 (1): 32. doi:10.1186/1742-4682-2-32. ISSN 1742-4682. PMC 1215522. PMID 16120211.