 | |
| Ministry of Education | |
|---|---|
| Minister of Education | Rosendo Serna |
| National education budget (2019) | |
| Budget | $8.25 billion USD[2][3]
|
| Per student | $779[1]
|
| General details | |
| Primary languages | Spanish, Quechua, Aymara, English |
| System type | Central |
| Creation of the Ministry | 1837 |
| Literacy (2018) | |
| Total | 94.408%[6] |
| Male | 97.1%[5] |
| Female | 91.7%[4] |
| Enrollment (2019) | |
| Total | 6.5 million[7] |
| Primary | 3.7 million[7] |
| Secondary | 2.8 million[7] |
Education in Peru is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education, which oversees formulating, implementing and supervising the national educational policy.[8] According to the Constitution of Peru, education is compulsory and free in public schools for the initial, primary and secondary levels.[9] It is also free in public universities for students who are unable to pay tuition and have an adequate academic performance.[9]
Throughout Peru's history, the nation's educational structure and quality has remained poor.[10][11] Elites who organized the educational system promoted conservatism and authoritarianism while also defending a social hierarchy that prevented a social mobility that would improve the lives of citizens.[12][13] The ineffectiveness of regulation, corruption and the government's lack of interest in improvements has contributed to the low quality of Peru's educational structure.[11][14] Peru's lack of higher education accreditation and its reliance on extractivism – with mining not requiring much scientific support – has also been detrimental to universities and research facilities within the nation.[15] Congress has recently weakened the accreditation standards at universities further.[16]
The Human Rights Measurement Initiative (HRMI)[17] finds that Peru is fulfilling 90.5% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to education based on the country's level of income.[18] HRMI breaks down the right to education by looking at the rights to both primary education and secondary education. While taking into consideration Peru's income level, the nation is achieving 89.3% of what should be possible based on its resources (income) for primary education and 91.6% for secondary education.[18]
- ^ "Government expenditure per student, primary (% of GDP per capita) - Peru Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
- ^ "Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP) - Peru| Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
- ^ "Government expenditure on education, total (% of government expenditure) - Peru". UNESCO. September 2020 – via World Bank.
- ^ "Literacy rate, adult female (% of females ages 15 and above) - Peru | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
- ^ "Literacy rate, adult male (% of males ages 15 and above) - Peru, Chile | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
- ^ "Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above) - Peru| Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
- ^ a b c "Education Statistics - All Indicators - Peru". World Bank. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
- ^ Ministerio de Educación, Información General. Retrieved on June 15, 2007.
- ^ a b Constitución Política del Perú, Article Nº 17.
- ^ Freeburger, Adela R.; Hauch, Charles C. (1964). Education in Peru (PDF). U.S. Office of Education. pp. 1–69.
- ^ a b Castillo, Luis (2012). "Peru". Balancing Freedom, Autonomy and Accountability in Education: Volume 4. Tilburg, Netherlands: 183–197.
- ^ Espinoza 2013, pp. iv. "Elites in Peru frequently promoted schools to enhance social order, not social mobility"
- ^ Espinoza 2013, pp. 3. "elites conceived of schooling as a means to reproduce social hierarchies, encouraging authoritarisnism and intolerance"
- ^ Understanding school segregation : patterns, causes and consequences of spatial inequalities in education. Bonal, Xavier., Belleï, Cristián. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. 2018. ISBN 978-1-350-03354-2. OCLC 1061134850.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Lavalle, Carlos; de Nicolas, Victor Luis (August 7, 2017). "Peru and its new challenge in higher education: Towards a research university". PLOS One. 12 (8): e0182631. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1282631L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0182631. PMC 5546694. PMID 28787463.
- ^ "Democracy Is on the Line in Peru". Human Rights Watch. January 24, 2023. Retrieved January 27, 2023.
- ^ "Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries". humanrightsmeasurement.org. Retrieved March 26, 2022.
- ^ a b "Peru - HRMI Rights Tracker". rightstracker.org. Retrieved March 26, 2022.