Ferdinand Foch

Généralissime Marshal Ferdinand Foch
General Foch, c. 1914
Supreme Allied Commander
In office 26 March 1918 – 10 January 1920
Preceded by	Office established
Succeeded by	Office disestablished[a]
26th Chief of the Army Staff
In office 16 May 1917 – 29 December 1918
Preceded by	Philippe Pétain
Succeeded by	Henri Alby
Personal details
Born	(1851-10-02)2 October 1851 Tarbes, France
Died	20 March 1929(1929-03-20) (aged 77) Paris, France
Resting place	Les Invalides
Spouse	Julie Bienvenüe
Children	Anne Eugène Germain Marie
Parents	Bertrand Foch (father) Marie Dupré (mother)
Alma mater	École polytechnique
Signature
Military service
Allegiance	Third Republic
Branch/service	French Army Artillery
Years of service	1870–1923 (53 years)
Rank	Division general[b]
Unit	List 24th Artillery Regiment
Commands	List Army Group North Ninth Army 20th Army Corps Moroccan Division Detachment 35th Artillery Regiment
Battles/wars	List Franco-Prussian War First World War Battle of the Frontiers Battle of the Somme German spring offensive Hundred Days Offensive

Ferdinand Foch (/fɒʃ/ FOSH, French: [fɛʁdinɑ̃ fɔʃ]; 2 October 1851^[1] – 20 March 1929)^[2] was a French general, Marshal of France and a member of the Académie Française and Académie des Sciences. He distinguished himself as Supreme Allied Commander on the Western Front during the First World War in 1918.^[3]

A commander during the First Marne, Flanders and Artois campaigns of 1914–1916, Foch became Supreme Allied Commander in late March 1918 in the face of the all-out German spring offensive. He successfully coordinated the French, British and American efforts, deftly handling his strategic reserves. He stopped the German offensive and launched a war-winning counterattack.^[4] In November 1918, Marshal Foch accepted the German cessation of hostilities and was present at the Armistice of 11 November 1918.

At the outbreak of war in August 1914, Foch's XX Corps participated in the brief invasion of Germany before retreating in the face of a German counter-attack and successfully blocking the Germans short of Nancy. Ordered west to defend Paris, Foch's prestige soared as a result of the victory at the Marne, for which he was widely credited as a chief protagonist while commanding the French Ninth Army. He was then promoted again to assistant commander-in-chief for the Northern Zone, a role which evolved into command of Army Group North, and in which role he was required to cooperate with the British forces at Ypres and the Somme. At the end of 1916, partly owing to the disappointing results of the latter offensive and partly owing to wartime political rivalries, Foch was transferred to Italy.^[5] Foch was appointed "Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Armies" on 26 March 1918 following being the commander-in-chief of Western Front with the title Généralissime in 1918. He played a decisive role in halting a renewed German advance on Paris in the Second Battle of the Marne, after which he was promoted to Marshal of France. Author Larry H. Addington says, "to a large extent the final Allied strategy which won the war on land in Western Europe in 1918 was Foch's alone."^[6]

On 11 November 1918, Foch accepted the German request for an armistice. Foch advocated peace terms that would make Germany unable to pose a threat to France ever again. He considered the Treaty of Versailles too lenient on Germany. Winston Churchill attributed this famous but apocryphal quote about the Peace Treaty of Versailles to Foch: "This is not Peace. It is an Armistice for twenty years."^[7] Indeed, the next war sprung out 20 years later.

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