Finnish Civil War

Finnish Civil War
Part of World War I, Russian Civil War and Revolutions of 1917–1923
Tampere's civilian buildings destroyed during the Battle of Tampere
Date 27 January – 15 May 1918 (3 months, 2 weeks and 4 days) Location Finland Result Finnish Whites victory Establishment of the Kingdom of Finland German hegemony until November 1918 Division in Finnish society Collapse of the Finnish Reds
Belligerents
Finnish Whites  German Empire[1] Foreign volunteers: Swedish Brigade Estonian volunteers Polish Legion White Army	Finnish Reds Soviet Russia
Commanders and leaders
C. G. E. Mannerheim Hannes Ignatius Ernst Linder Ernst Löfström Martin Wetzer Karl Wilkman Hans Kalm Stanislaw Boguslawski Rüdiger von der Goltz Konrad Wolf Hans von Tschirsky Otto von Brandenstein Hugo Meurer Harald Hjalmarson Hjalmar Frisell	Kullervo Manner Ali Aaltonen  Eero Haapalainen Eino Rahja Adolf Taimi Evert Eloranta August Wesley Hugo Salmela † Heikki Kaljunen [fi] Fredrik Johansson [fi]  Matti Autio [fi]  Verner Lehtimäki Konstantin Eremeev Mikhail Svechnikov Georgy Bulatsel
Units involved
Order of battle	Order of battle
Strength
White Guards 80,000–90,000 Jägers 1,450 Imperial German Army 14,000 Swedish Brigade 1,000[2] Estonian volunteers[3] Polish Legion 1,737[4]	Red Guards 80,000–90,000 (2,600 women) Former Russian Imperial Army 7,000–10,000[2]
Casualties and losses
Whites 3,500 killed in action 1,650 executed 46 missing 4 prisoner deaths Swedish volunteers 55 killed in action Germans 450–500 killed in action[5] Total 5,700–5,800 casualties (100–200 neutral/White civilians)	Reds 5,700 killed in action 10,000 executed 1,150 missing 12,500 prisoners deceased, 700 acute deaths after release Russians 800–900 killed in action 1,600 executed[5] Total 32,500 casualties (100–200 neutral/Red civilians)

The Finnish Civil War^[a][b] was a civil war in Finland in 1918 fought for the leadership and control of the country between White Finland and the Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic (Red Finland) during the country's transition from a grand duchy ruled by the Russian Empire to a fully independent state. The clashes took place in the context of the national, political, and social turmoil caused by World War I (Eastern Front) in Europe. The war was fought between the Red Guards, led by a section of the Social Democratic Party, and the White Guards, conducted by the senate and those who opposed socialism with assistance late in the war by the German Imperial Army at the request of the Finnish civil government. The paramilitary Red Guards, which were composed of industrial and agrarian workers, controlled the cities and industrial centres of southern Finland. The paramilitary White Guards, which consisted of land owners and those in the middle and upper classes, controlled rural central and northern Finland, and were led by General C. G. E. Mannerheim.

In the years before the conflict, Finland had experienced rapid population growth, industrialisation, urbanisation and the rise of a comprehensive labour movement. The country's political and governmental systems were in an unstable phase of democratisation and modernisation. The socio-economic condition and education of the population had gradually improved, and national awareness and culture had progressed. World War I led to the collapse of the Russian Empire, causing a power vacuum in Finland, and the subsequent struggle for dominance led to militarisation and an escalating crisis between the left-leaning labour movement and the conservatives. The Reds carried out an unsuccessful general offensive in February 1918, supplied with weapons by Soviet Russia. A counteroffensive by the Whites began in March, reinforced by the German Empire's military detachments in April. The decisive engagements were the Battles of Tampere and Viipuri, won by the Whites, and the Battles of Helsinki and Lahti, won by German troops, leading to overall victory for the Whites and the German forces. Political violence became a part of this warfare. Around 12,500 Red prisoners died of malnutrition and disease in camps. About 39,000 people, of whom 36,000 were Finns, died in the conflict.

In the immediate aftermath, the Finns passed from Russian governance to the German sphere of influence with a plan to establish a German-led Finnish monarchy. The scheme ended with Germany's defeat in World War I, and Finland instead emerged as an independent, democratic republic. The civil war divided the nation for decades. Finnish society was reunited through social compromises based on a long-term culture of moderate politics and religion and a post-war economic recovery.

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