Geology of Mercury

The geology of Mercury is the scientific study of the surface, crust, and interior of the planet Mercury. It emphasizes the composition, structure, history, and physical processes that shape the planet. It is analogous to the field of terrestrial geology. In planetary science, the term geology is used in its broadest sense to mean the study of the solid parts of planets and moons. The term incorporates aspects of geophysics, geochemistry, mineralogy, geodesy, and cartography.^[1]

Historically, Mercury has been the least understood of all the terrestrial planets in the Solar System. This stems largely from its proximity to the Sun which makes reaching it with spacecraft technically challenging and Earth-based observations difficult. For decades, the principal source of geologic information about Mercury came from the 2,700 images taken by the Mariner 10 spacecraft during three flybys of the planet from 1974 to 1975. These images covered about 45% of the planet’s surface, but many of them were unsuitable for detailed geologic investigation because of high sun angles which made it hard to determine surface morphology and topography.^[2] This dearth of information was greatly alleviated by the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft which between 2008 and 2015 collected over 291,000 images ^[3] covering the entire planet, along with a wealth of other scientific data. The European Space Agency's (ESA's) BepiColombo spacecraft, scheduled to go into orbit around Mercury in 2026, is expected to help answer many of the remaining questions about Mercury's geology.

Mercury's surface is dominated by impact craters, basaltic rock and smooth plains, many of them a result of flood volcanism, similar in some respects to the lunar maria,^[4]^[5] and locally by pyroclastic deposits.^[6] Other notable features include vents which appear to be the source of magma-carved valleys, often-grouped irregular-shaped depressions termed "hollows" that are believed to be the result of collapsed magma chambers,^[7] scarps indicative of thrust faulting, and mineral deposits (possibly ice) inside craters at the poles. Long thought to be geologically inactive, new evidence suggests there may still be some level of activity.^[8]^[9]

Mercury's density implies a solid iron-rich core that accounts for about 60% of its volume (75% of its radius).^[10] Mercury's magnetic equator is shifted nearly 20% of the planet's radius towards the north, the largest ratio of all planets.^[11] This shift suggests there being one or more iron-rich molten layers surrounding the core producing a dynamo effect similar to that of Earth. Additionally, the offset magnetic dipole may result in uneven surface weathering by the solar wind, knocking more surface particles up into the southern exosphere and transporting them for deposit in the north. Scientists are gathering telemetry to determine if such is the case.^[11]

^ Greeley, Ronald (1993). Planetary landscapes (2nd ed.). New York: Chapman & Hall. p. 1. ISBN 0-412-05181-8.
^ Strom, R.G. in “Geology of the Terrestrial Planets,” M.H. Carr, Ed., Special Paper 469, NASA Scientific and Technical Information Branch:Washington D.C., 1984, p. 13. https://www.lpi.usra.edu/publications/books/geologyTerraPlanets/
^ MESSENGER website. Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory. https://messenger.jhuapl.edu/Explore/images/impressions/messenger-byTheNumbers-lg.jpg
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^ Thomas, Rebecca J.; Rothery, David A.; Conway, Susan J.; Anand, Mahesh (16 September 2014). "Long-lived explosive volcanism on Mercury". Geophysical Research Letters. 41 (17): 6084–6092. Bibcode:2014GeoRL..41.6084T. doi:10.1002/2014GL061224.
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[1] Greeley, Ronald (1993). Planetary landscapes (2nd ed.). New York: Chapman & Hall. p. 1. ISBN 0-412-05181-8.

[Strom1-2] Strom, R.G. in “Geology of the Terrestrial Planets,” M.H. Carr, Ed., Special Paper 469, NASA Scientific and Technical Information Branch:Washington D.C., 1984, p. 13. https://www.lpi.usra.edu/publications/books/geologyTerraPlanets/

[Messenger1-3] MESSENGER website. Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory. https://messenger.jhuapl.edu/Explore/images/impressions/messenger-byTheNumbers-lg.jpg

[nasa_mercury-4] Cite error: The named reference nasa_mercury was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[discoverynews_20111005-5] Cite error: The named reference discoverynews_20111005 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[becca-6] Thomas, Rebecca J.; Rothery, David A.; Conway, Susan J.; Anand, Mahesh (16 September 2014). "Long-lived explosive volcanism on Mercury". Geophysical Research Letters. 41 (17): 6084–6092. Bibcode:2014GeoRL..41.6084T. doi:10.1002/2014GL061224.

[jhuapl_20110929-7] Cite error: The named reference jhuapl_20110929 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[messenger_GRS_evolution-8] Cite error: The named reference messenger_GRS_evolution was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[jhuapl349-9] Cite error: The named reference jhuapl349 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[messenger_key2evolution-10] Cite error: The named reference messenger_key2evolution was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[messenger_offsetfield-11] Cite error: The named reference messenger_offsetfield was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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