Grande Ronde River

Grande Ronde River
The Grande Ronde River just above Wildcat Creek, near Troy, Oregon
Map of the Grande Ronde River watershed
Location of the mouth of the Grande Ronde River in Washington
Location
Country	United States
State	Oregon, Washington
Counties	Union and Wallowa counties in Oregon, Asotin County in Washington
Cities	La Grande, Elgin
Physical characteristics
Source	Blue Mountains
• location	Anthony Lakes, Union County, Oregon
• coordinates	44°57′34″N 118°15′38″W / 44.95944°N 118.26056°W / 44.95944; -118.26056[1]
• elevation	7,460 ft (2,270 m)[2]
Mouth	Snake River
• location	Rogersburg, Asotin County, Washington
• coordinates	46°4′49″N 116°58′47″W / 46.08028°N 116.97972°W / 46.08028; -116.97972[1]
• elevation	820 ft (250 m)[1]
Length	210 mi (340 km)[3]
Basin size	4,105 sq mi (10,630 km2)[3]
Discharge
• location	near Troy, OR, about 45.3 mi (72.9 km) from the mouth[4]
• average	3,016 cu ft/s (85.4 m3/s)
• minimum	344 cu ft/s (9.7 m3/s)
• maximum	51,800 cu ft/s (1,470 m3/s)
Basin features
Tributaries
• left	Wenaha River
• right	Catherine Creek, Wallowa River, Joseph Creek
National Wild and Scenic River
Type	Wild, Recreational
Designated	October 28, 1988

The Grande Ronde River (/ɡrænd rɑːnd/ or, less commonly, /ɡrænd raʊnd/) is a 210-mile (340 km) long^[3] tributary of the Snake River, flowing through northeast Oregon and southeast Washington in the United States. Its watershed is situated in the eastern Columbia Plateau, bounded by the Blue Mountains and Wallowa Mountains to the west of Hells Canyon. The river flows generally northeast from its forested headwaters west of La Grande, Oregon, through the agricultural Grande Ronde Valley in its middle course, and through rugged canyons cut from ancient basalt lava flows in its lower course. While it joins the Snake River upstream of Asotin, Washington, more than 90 percent of the river's watershed is in Oregon.

The river was used for centuries by multiple Native American tribes, who fished, gathered and hunted across much of the watershed and convened in the Grande Ronde Valley for trade. European exploration began with the fur trade in the early 1800s; later, the Grande Ronde Valley provided a key resting point along the Oregon Trail. By the 1850s, the wave of settlement had spread to northeast Oregon, and the river was the scene of several conflicts, including the 1856 Grande Ronde massacre. Nearby gold discoveries drove emerging farming and logging industries in the Grande Ronde region, and by the 1880s most indigenous peoples had been forced away from the area and onto reservations, though several tribes maintain subsistence fishing rights along the river.

While the Grande Ronde and Wallowa Valleys developed into productive farming areas, further efforts to regulate and dam the river in the 20th century proved unsuccessful. Due to its free-flowing nature, the river provides a significant amount of spawning habitat for anadromous fish (salmon and steelhead) in the Columbia River system. These populations have declined due to the building of dams downstream on the Columbia and Snake Rivers, as well as habitat degradation in the Grande Ronde watershed. Despite efforts to protect and restore aquatic habitat, anadromous fish populations in the 21st century remain much lower than historical levels.

About 44 miles (71 km) of the Grande Ronde in Oregon are federally protected as a National Wild and Scenic River, in addition to parts of several tributaries including the Wallowa and Wenaha Rivers. Much of the Wild and Scenic section in Oregon, as well as the lowermost stretches of the river in Washington, can only be reached by water. The river's undeveloped surroundings and abundant wildlife make it a popular location for sport fishing, hunting, wildlife viewing, and boating.