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Graptolite

Not to be confused with Graptolitha, a genus of moths.

Graptolites
Temporal range: Survive to the present via the living genus Rhabdopleura.[2]
Cryptograptus from the Silurian of South America. Specimen at the Royal Ontario Museum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Hemichordata
Class: Pterobranchia
Subclass: Graptolithina
Bronn, 1849
Subgroups

Graptolites are a group of colonial animals, members of the subclass Graptolithina within the class Pterobranchia. These filter-feeding organisms are known chiefly from fossils found from the Middle Cambrian (Miaolingian, Wuliuan) through the Lower Carboniferous (Mississippian).[3] A possible early graptolite, Chaunograptus, is known from the Middle Cambrian.[1] Recent analyses have favored the idea that the living pterobranch Rhabdopleura represents an extant graptolite which diverged from the rest of the group in the Cambrian.[2]

Fossil graptolites and Rhabdopleura share a colony structure of interconnected zooids housed in organic tubes (theca) which have a basic structure of stacked half-rings (fuselli). Most extinct graptolites belong to two major orders: the bush-like sessile Dendroidea and the planktonic, free-floating Graptoloidea. These orders most likely evolved from encrusting pterobranchs similar to Rhabdopleura. Due to their widespread abundance, planktonic lifestyle, and well-traced evolutionary trends, graptoloids in particular are useful index fossils for the Ordovician and Silurian periods.[4]

The name graptolite comes from the Greek graptos meaning "written", and lithos meaning "rock", as many graptolite fossils resemble hieroglyphs written on the rock. Linnaeus originally regarded them as 'pictures resembling fossils' rather than true fossils, though later workers supposed them to be related to the hydrozoans; now they are widely recognized as hemichordates.[4]

  1. ^ a b Maletz, J. (2014). "Hemichordata (Pterobranchia, Enteropneusta) and the fossil record". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 398: 16–27. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.06.010.
  2. ^ a b Mitchell, C. E.; Melchin, M. J.; Cameron, C. B.; Maletz, J. (2013). "Phylogenetic analysis reveals that Rhabdopleura is an extant graptolite". Lethaia. 46 (1): 34–56. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2012.00319.x.
  3. ^ Maletz, Jörg (2014). "The classification of the Pterobranchia (Cephalodiscida and Graptolithina)". Bulletin of Geosciences. 89 (3): 477–540. doi:10.3140/bull.geosci.1465. ISSN 1214-1119.
  4. ^ a b Maletz, Jörg (2017). Graptolite Paleobiology. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9781118515617.

Graptolite

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