Hexaplex trunculus

Hexaplex trunculus; Temporal range:
	Hexaplex trunculus
	Hexaplex trunculus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
Subclass:	Caenogastropoda
Order:	Neogastropoda
Family:	Muricidae
Genus:	Hexaplex
Subgenus:	Trunculariopsis
Species:	H. trunculus
Binomial name
	Hexaplex trunculus; (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms
	Hexaplex (Trunculariopsis) trunculus (Linnaeus, 1758)· accepted, alternate representation; Murex armigerus Settepassi, 1970 (not available, published in a work which does not consistently use binomial nomenclature (ICZN art. 11.4)) Murex coronatus Monterosato in Franceschini, 1906; Murex dumosus de Stefani, 1875; Murex falcatus Sandri & Danilo, 1856 (invalid: junior homonym of Murex falcatus G.B. Sowerby, 1834); Murex fasciatus Risso, 1826 (invalid: junior homonym of Murex fasciatus Gmelin, 1791); Murex gallica Dollfus, 1926; Murex gallicus Dollfus, 1923; Murex neomagensis Fontannes, 1879 (dubious synonym); Murex polygonulus Lamarck, 1822; Murex portulanus Monterosato in Franceschini, 1906; Murex ramulosus Risso, 1826; Murex rivalis Monterosato, 1923; Murex soldanii de Stefani, 1875; Murex soldanii meneghini de Stefani, 1875; Murex solidior Monterosato in Franceschini, 1906; Murex subasperrimus d'Orbigny, 1852; Murex taurinensis Bellardi & Sacco, 1872 (dubious synonym); Murex trunculus Linnaeus, 1758; Murex yoldii Mörch in Sowerby, 1879; Phyllanotus trunculus (Linnaeus, 1758); Polyplex purpurescens Perry, 1811; Truncularia trunculus (Linnaeus, 1758); Truncularia trunculus var. aspera Monterosato in Coen, 1933; Truncularia trunculus var. bulo Coen, 1933; Truncularia trunculus var. purpurifera Coen, 1933; Truncularia trunculus var. tetragona Stalio in Coen, 1933 (infrasubspecific name, not recognized by ICZN); Trunculariopsis trunculus (Linnaeus, 1758);

Hexaplex trunculus (previously known as Murex trunculus, Phyllonotus trunculus, or the banded dye-murex) is a medium-sized sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex shells or rock snails. It is included in the subgenus Trunculariopsis.^[1]

This species is a group of opportunist predatory snails that are known to attack their prey in groups. What is peculiar about this specific species is that they show no preference for the size of their prey, regardless of their hunger levels.^[2]

The snail appears in fossil records dating between the Pliocene and Quaternary periods (between 3.6 and 0.012 million years ago). Fossilized shells have been found in Morocco, Italy, and Spain.^[3]

This sea snail is historically important because its hypobranchial gland secretes a mucus used to create a distinctive purple-blue indigo dye. Ancient Mediterranean cultures, including the Minoans, Canaanites/Phoenicians and classical Greeks created dyes from the snails. One of the dye's main chemical ingredients is red dibromo-indigotin, the main component of tyrian purple or tekhelet.^[4] The dye will turn indigo blue, similar to the color of blue jeans, if exposed to sunlight before the dye sets.

Subspecies

Hexaplex trunculus trunculus (Linnaeus, 1758)

^ Cite error: The named reference WoRMS was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Guler, Mehmet; Lok, Aynur (2019). "Foraging Behaviors of a Predatory Snail (Hexaplex trunculus) in Group-Attacking". Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 19 (5): 391–398. doi:10.4194/1303-2712-v19_5_04. ISSN 1303-2712.
^ Fossilworks
^ Radwin, G. E.; D'Attilio, A. (1986). Murex shells of the world. An illustrated guide to the Muricidae. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 93. 284 pp incl 192 figs. & 32 pls.

[WoRMS-1] Cite error: The named reference WoRMS was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[2] Guler, Mehmet; Lok, Aynur (2019). "Foraging Behaviors of a Predatory Snail (Hexaplex trunculus) in Group-Attacking". Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 19 (5): 391–398. doi:10.4194/1303-2712-v19_5_04. ISSN 1303-2712.

[AA-3] Fossilworks

[Radwin,_G._E_1986._p93-4] Radwin, G. E.; D'Attilio, A. (1986). Murex shells of the world. An illustrated guide to the Muricidae. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 93. 284 pp incl 192 figs. & 32 pls.

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[2]

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Hexaplex trunculus Temporal range:

Hexaplex trunculus

Hexaplex trunculus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
Subclass:	Caenogastropoda
Order:	Neogastropoda
Family:	Muricidae
Genus:	Hexaplex
Subgenus:	Trunculariopsis
Species:	H. trunculus
Binomial name
*Hexaplex trunculus* (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms
Hexaplex (Trunculariopsis) trunculus (Linnaeus, 1758)· accepted, alternate representation Murex armigerus Settepassi, 1970 (not available, published in a work which does not consistently use binomial nomenclature (ICZN art. 11.4)) Murex coronatus Monterosato in Franceschini, 1906 Murex dumosus de Stefani, 1875 Murex falcatus Sandri & Danilo, 1856 (invalid: junior homonym of Murex falcatus G.B. Sowerby, 1834) Murex fasciatus Risso, 1826 (invalid: junior homonym of Murex fasciatus Gmelin, 1791) Murex gallica Dollfus, 1926 Murex gallicus Dollfus, 1923 Murex neomagensis Fontannes, 1879 (dubious synonym) Murex polygonulus Lamarck, 1822 Murex portulanus Monterosato in Franceschini, 1906 Murex ramulosus Risso, 1826 Murex rivalis Monterosato, 1923 Murex soldanii de Stefani, 1875 Murex soldanii meneghini de Stefani, 1875 Murex solidior Monterosato in Franceschini, 1906 Murex subasperrimus d'Orbigny, 1852 Murex taurinensis Bellardi & Sacco, 1872 (dubious synonym) Murex trunculus Linnaeus, 1758 Murex yoldii Mörch in Sowerby, 1879 Phyllanotus trunculus (Linnaeus, 1758) Polyplex purpurescens Perry, 1811 Truncularia trunculus (Linnaeus, 1758) Truncularia trunculus var. aspera Monterosato in Coen, 1933 Truncularia trunculus var. bulo Coen, 1933 Truncularia trunculus var. purpurifera Coen, 1933 Truncularia trunculus var. tetragona ^{Stalio in Coen, 1933} (infrasubspecific name, not recognized by ICZN) Trunculariopsis trunculus (Linnaeus, 1758)