Back Hezbollah AF Hisbollah ALS حزب الله Arabic ܚܙܒܐܠܠܗ ARC حيزب الله ARY حزب الله ARZ Hizbullah AZ حیزب‌الله AZB Hezbollah BCL Хезбала BE

Hezbollah

For other uses, see Hezbollah (disambiguation).

Islamic Resistance in Lebanon
المقاومة الإسلامية في لبنان
Al-Muqāwamah Al-Islāmīyah fī Lubnān
Secretary-GeneralNaim Qassem
Deputy Secretary-GeneralVacant
Head of the Executive CouncilVacant
FounderSubhi al-Tufayli
Abbas al-Musawi X
Hassan Nasrallah X
Founded1985 (1985) (official)
HeadquartersBeirut, Lebanon
Parliamentary groupLoyalty to the Resistance Bloc[1]
Paramilitary wingJihad Council
Lebanese Resistance Brigades
Ideology
ReligionShia Islam
National affiliationMarch 8 Alliance
International affiliationAxis of Resistance
ColoursYellow and green
Sloganفَإِنَّ حِزْبَ ٱللَّهِ هُمُ ٱلْغَالِبُونَ
('Certainly Allah's party that will prevail.')[a]
Seats in the
Parliament[23]
15 / 128 (12%)
Party flag
Website
www.moqawama.org.lb
Hezbollah
Dates of operation1982–present
Allegiance Iran (IRGC)[24]
HeadquartersBeirut, Lebanon
Size100,000 (according to Hassan Nasrallah)[25][26][27]
AlliesState allies:

Non-state allies:


See more
OpponentsState opponents:

Non-state opponents:

Battles and wars
See details
Designated as a terrorist group bySee here

Hezbollah (/ˌhɛzbəˈlɑː/ HEZ-bə-LAH;[49] Arabic: حزب الله, romanized: Ḥizbu llāh, pronounced [ħizbuˈɫːaːh], lit. 'Party of God')[b] is a Lebanese Shia Islamist political party and paramilitary group.[50][24] Hezbollah's paramilitary wing is the Jihad Council,[51] and its political wing is the Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc party in the Lebanese Parliament. Its armed strength was assessed to be equivalent to that of a medium-sized army in 2016.[52]

Hezbollah was founded in 1982 by Lebanese clerics in response to the Israeli invasion of Lebanon.[18] Inspired by the Iranian Revolution of 1979 and Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini's model of Islamic governance, Hezbollah established strong ties with Iran. The group was initially supported by 1,500 Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) instructors, who helped unify various Lebanese Shia factions under Hezbollah's leadership.[53] Hezbollah's 1985 manifesto outlined its key objectives, which include expelling Western influence from the region, destroying Israel, pledging allegiance to Iran's supreme leader, and establishing an Islamic government influenced by Iran's political ideology. However, the manifesto also emphasized Lebanese self-determination.[54] Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Hezbollah fought against Israeli forces and the South Lebanon Army (SLA), eventually leading to Israel's withdrawal from southern Lebanon in 2000.[55] Hezbollah also played a prominent role in the 2006 Lebanon War and later became involved in the Syrian civil war, where it fought alongside the Syrian government against rebel forces.[56]

In 2009, Hezbollah updated their manifesto to oppose political sectarianism, appeal to non-Islamic movements, and promote a national unity government. The updated manifesto has the same basic approach to foreign policy, emphasizing the hegemonic strategies of the US and Israel's role in the region as a forward base for colonizing the region.[57][58]

Since the 1990s, Hezbollah has grown into a significant political force in Lebanon. The group operates a vast social services network, including schools and hospitals, and runs a satellite TV station, Al-Manar. Politically, Hezbollah's Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc holds 15 seats in the Lebanese Parliament, making it a powerful player in Lebanon's government.[59] However, the group's influence has led to growing domestic criticism. Following the 2020 Beirut port explosion, Hezbollah was accused of obstructing efforts to hold those responsible accountable, contributing to a decline in public trust. A 2024 Arab Barometer survey found that 55% of Lebanese have "no trust at all" in Hezbollah, although it remains popular among the Shia population.[60]

Despite calls for disarmament under United Nations Security Council resolutions, Hezbollah has expanded its military capabilities. Its armed wing is now considered stronger than the Lebanese Armed Forces,[61] making it one of the most powerful non-state actors in the world. Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah declared in 2021 that the group had 100,000 fighters.[62] Hezbollah has been involved in several high-profile attacks; it is believed to be responsible for the bombing of the US embassy and the American and French barracks bombings in Beirut in 1983, the assassination of Rafic Hariri in 2005,[63][64] as well as later attacks, including bombings and hijackings.[65][66] While Hezbollah has been regarded as a resistance movement by some scholars,[67][68][69] the entire organization, or its military wing alone, has been designated as a terrorist group by over 21 countries,[70][71] including most Western countries.[72]

  1. ^ "Fadlallah Hits Back at March 14 over Karam Release, Marouni Slams 'Treason Accusations'". Naharnet. 18 April 2013.
  2. ^ a b c Philip Smyth (February 2015). The Shiite Jihad in Syria and Its Regional Effects (PDF) (Report). The Washington Institute for Near East Studies. pp. 7–8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  3. ^ a b c Dalacoura, Katerina (2012). "Islamist Terrorism and National Liberation: Hamas and Hizbullah". Islamist Terrorism and Democracy in the Middle East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 66–96. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511977367.004. ISBN 978-0-511-97736-7. LCCN 2010047275. S2CID 150958046.
  4. ^ Stepanova, Ekaterina (2008). Terrorism in Asymmetrical Conflict: Ideological and Structural Aspects (PDF). Oxford University Press. p. 113. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 March 2016.
  5. ^ Joshua L. Gleis; Benedetta Berti (2012). Hezbollah and Hamas: A Comparative Study. JHU Press. ISBN 978-1-4214-0671-8.
  6. ^ "Hezbollah, the Lebanese Sectarian State, and Sectarianism". Middle East Institute. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
  7. ^ Bassel F, Salloukh (2015). "The Sectarian Image Reversed: The Role of Geopolitics in Hezbollah's Domestic Politics". Middle East Political Pcience.
  8. ^ Schenker, David (7 October 2015). "Putin and the Shiite 'Axis of Resistance'". The Hill. Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 25 May 2016. Assad, backed by Hezbollah and Iran, began his campaign to eradicate Sunni regime opponents...this new axis — which targets Syrian Sunnis instead of Israel — is deeply polarizing.
  9. ^ Sullivan, Marisa (April 2014), Hezbollah in Syria (PDF), Institute for the Study of War, archived (PDF) from the original on 4 November 2019, retrieved 26 June 2015, "Opposition is greatest with Lebanon's Sunni community, which view Hezbollah as choosing sides in sectarian conflict, killing fellow Muslims, and losing sight of its resistance to Israel."
  10. ^ "Saudi clerics attack Shi'ites, Hezbollah". Reuters. 1 June 2008. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
  11. ^ "Hezbollah and the Lebanese Popular Movement".
  12. ^ Salamey, Imad; Pearson, Frederic (2007). "Hezbollah: A Proletarian Party with an Islamic Manifesto – A Sociopolitical Analysis of Islamist Populism in Lebanon and the Middle East". Small Wars & Insurgencies. 18 (3): 416–438. doi:10.1080/09592310701674358. ISSN 0959-2318. S2CID 143896155.
  13. ^ Elie Alagha, Joseph (2011). Hizbullah's Documents: From the 1985 Open Letter to the 2009 Manifesto. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 15, 20. ISBN 978-90-8555-037-2.
    Shehata, Samer (2012). Islamist Politics in the Middle East: Movements and Change. Routledge. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-415-78361-3.
  14. ^ Husseinia, Rola El (2010). "Hezbollah and the Axis of Refusal: Hamas, Iran and Syria". Third World Quarterly. 31 (5): 803–815. doi:10.1080/01436597.2010.502695. S2CID 219628295.
  15. ^ Levitt, Matthew (2013). Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon's Party of God. Hurst Publishers. p. 356. ISBN 978-1-84904-333-5. Hezbollah's anti-Western militancy began with attacks against Western targets in Lebanon, then expanded to attacks abroad intended to exact revenge for actions threatening its or Iran's interests, or to press foreign governments to release captured operatives.
  16. ^ Hanhimäki, Jussi M.; Blumenau, Bernhard (2013). An International History of Terrorism: Western and Non-Western Experiences. Routledge. p. 267. ISBN 978-0-415-63540-0. Based upon these beliefs, Hezbollah became vehemently anti-West and anti-Israel.
  17. ^ Siegel, Larry J. (2012). Criminology: Theories, Patterns & Typology. Cengage Learning. p. 396. ISBN 978-1-133-04964-7. Hezbollah is anti-West and anti-Israel and has engaged in a series of terrorist actions including kidnappings, car bombings, and airline hijackings.
  18. ^ a b "Who Are Hezbollah?". BBC News. 21 May 2008. Retrieved 15 August 2008.
  19. ^ [3][15][16][17][18]
  20. ^ Carvajal, Doreen (14 December 2004). "French Court Orders a Ban on Hezbollah-Run TV Channel". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 October 2024.
  21. ^ Saad-Ghorayeb 2002, pp. 168–86.
  22. ^ "Hezbollah chief in new attack on same-sex relations". France 24. Agence France-Presse. 29 July 2023.
  23. ^ "Interior Ministry releases numbers of votes for new MPs". The Daily Star. 9 May 2018. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2019.
  24. ^ a b "What Is Hezbollah?". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  25. ^ "Lebanon's Hezbollah chief Nasrallah says group has never been stronger". Reuters. 18 October 2021.
  26. ^ Agencies, The New Arab Staff & (18 October 2021). "Hassan Nasrallah says Hezbollah has 100,000 fighters". english.alaraby.co.uk/.
  27. ^ "Lebanon Hezbollah chief says movement has 100,000 fighters". France 24. 18 October 2021.
  28. ^ "Report: Hezbollah opens base in Cuba". Ynet news. 9 January 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  29. ^ "Hezbollah is the Long Arm of Iran – Factsheet 5". 20 September 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
  30. ^ Pardo, Ramon Pacheco (February 2011). "Beyond Iran" (PDF). The Majalla. 1561: 12–14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 July 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
  31. ^ "New Experience of Hezbollah with Russian Military". 2 February 2016. Archived from the original on 28 July 2018.
  32. ^ Rosenfeld, Jesse (11 January 2016). "Russia is Arming Hezbollah, Say Two of the Group's Field Commanders". The Daily Beast.
  33. ^ Kendall-Taylor, Andrea; Fontaine, Richard (23 April 2024). "The Axis of Upheaval". Foreign Affairs. Vol. 103, no. 3. ISSN 0015-7120. Archived from the original on 9 September 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
  34. ^ "Why Assad's alliance with Iran and Hezbollah will endure". 8 February 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
  35. ^ "Iran and Venezuela: Axis of Anti-Americanism". United Against Nuclear Iran. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
  36. ^ a b "Iraq admits Lebanese Hezbollah and Iranian RG fight alongside Iraqi security forces". 9 November 2014. Archived from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
  37. ^ "Hezbollah Fights Alongside LAF Demonstrating its Continuing Control over Lebanon". The Tower. 21 August 2017. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
  38. ^ "Yemeni FM slams Hezbollah's Houthi support: report". The Daily Star. Archived from the original on 28 July 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
  39. ^ "Lebanon's Hezbollah denies sending weapons to Yemen". Reuters. 20 November 2017.
  40. ^ "Wagner Group 'tasked to deliver Russian weapons to Hezbollah' – US intelligence". 4 November 2023.
  41. ^ "Hezbollah – International terrorist organization". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 22 July 2013.
  42. ^ Levitt, Matthew (2013). Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon's Party of God. Georgetown University Press. p. 23.
  43. ^ Francis, Xavier (21 May 2020). "Israel Impressed How Turkish Army Crushed Hezbollah In Idlib, Syria". Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News.
  44. ^ "Israel learned from Hezbollah's defeat at the hands of Turkey". The Jerusalem Post.
  45. ^ "Turkish strike in Syria kills nine Hezbollah members, according to source". Haaretz.
  46. ^ a b Nimrod Raphaeli (11 February 2009). "The Iranian Roots of Hizbullah". MEMRI. Archived from the original on 11 February 2009.
  47. ^ "Beware Iran's 'Axis of Resistance' | People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (PMOI/MEK)". Archived from the original on 31 October 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  48. ^ "Hezbollah fighters train Iraqi Shiite militants near Mosul". longwarjournal.org – FDD's Long War Journal. 5 November 2016.
  49. ^ Cite error: The named reference HarperCollins-2013 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  50. ^ "Hezbollah | Meaning, History, & Ideology | Britannica". Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 December 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  51. ^ Levitt, Matthew (2013). Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon's Party of God. Hurst Publishers. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-84904-333-5. ... the Jihad Council coordinates 'resistance activity'.
    Ghattas Saab, Antoine (15 May 2014). "Hezbollah cutting costs as Iranian aid dries up". The Daily Star. Retrieved 1 June 2014. ... Hezbollah's military wing ... Known as the 'Jihad Council'
  52. ^ "Hezbollah: Not a terror group but a midsized army". Haaretz. August 2016. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022.
  53. ^ Adam Shatz (29 April 2004). "In Search of Hezbollah". The New York Review of Books. 51 (7). Archived from the original on 22 August 2006.
  54. ^ Itamar Rabinovich (2008). Israel in the Middle East. UPNE. ISBN 978-0-87451-962-4.
  55. ^ Lopez, German (24 September 2024). "Israel's Strikes on Lebanon". The New York Times.
  56. ^ Barnard, Anne (3 January 2014). "Mystery in Hezbollah Operatives Life and Death". The New York Times.
  57. ^ Cite error: The named reference Berti was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  58. ^ Cite error: The named reference :3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  59. ^ Deeb, Lara (31 July 2006). "Hizballah: A Primer". Archived from the original on 19 October 2011.
  60. ^ Stroul, Dana (23 September 2024). "Israel and Hezbollah Are Escalating Toward Catastrophe". Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
  61. ^ Barnard, Anne (20 May 2013). "Hezbollah's Role in Syria War Shakes the Lebanese". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  62. ^ El Deeb, Sarah (18 October 2021). "Hezbollah leader declares his group has 100,000 fighters". Associated Press News. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  63. ^ "Lebanon: UN-backed tribunal sentences Hezbollah militant in Hariri assassination | UN News". news.un.org. 11 December 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
  64. ^ "Rafik Hariri killing: Hezbollah duo convicted of 2005 bombing on appeal". 10 March 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
  65. ^ Laverty, Rory; Lamothe, Dan (21 September 2024). "For Americans scarred by Beirut bombings, a measure of delayed justice". The Washington Post. Hezbollah was founded in 1982, as violence against U.S. troops in Lebanon spiked. In addition to its roles in the major bombings of 1983, the militant group was involved in the bombing of the U.S. Embassy annex in Beirut in 1984 that killed 23 people, the hijacking of TWA Flight 847 in 1985 and the Khobar Towers attack in Saudi Arabia in 1996 that killed 19 U.S. airmen, according to the Office of the Director of National Intelligence.
  66. ^ Lopez, German (24 September 2024). "Israel's Strikes on Lebanon". The New York Times. Hezbollah first gained international notoriety in 1983, when it blew up the American embassy in Beirut, Lebanon's capital, and later American and French barracks there.
  67. ^ Farida 2019, p. 1-2.
  68. ^ Daher 2019, p. 8.
  69. ^ Al-Aloosy 2020, p. 43, 74.
  70. ^ Kanter, James; Rudoren, Jodi (22 July 2013). "European Union Adds Military Wing of Hezbollah to List of Terrorist Organizations". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
  71. ^ "Swiss parliament votes to ban Hezbollah". Reuters. 17 December 2024. Retrieved 19 December 2024 – via Deccan Herald.
  72. ^ Roche, MaryClare; Robbins, Michael (12 July 2024). "What the Lebanese People Really Think of Hezbollah". Foreign Affairs. ISSN 0015-7120. Retrieved 28 September 2024.


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Hezbollah

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