Back إيبوجايين Arabic Ibogain Czech Ibogain German Ibogaína Spanish Ibogaina EU ایبوگین FA Ibogaiini Finnish Ibogaïne French איבוגאין HE Ibogain Croatian
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| Trade names | Lambarène, Iperton[1][2] |
| Other names | 12-Methoxyibogamine |
| Routes of administration | Oral |
| Drug class | Hallucinogen; Oneirogen; Entheogen; Stimulant; Antiaddictive agent |
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.001.363 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C20H26N2O |
| Molar mass | 310.441 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | |
| Melting point | 152 to 153 °C (306 to 307 °F) |
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Ibogaine is a psychoactive indole alkaloid obtained either by extraction from plants in the family Apocynaceae such as Tabernanthe iboga, Voacanga africana, and Tabernaemontana undulata or by semi-synthesis from the precursor compound voacangine, another plant alkaloid.[1][2] The total synthesis of ibogaine was described in 1956.[5] Structural elucidation by X-ray crystallography was completed in 1960.[6][7][8]
The psychoactivity of the root bark of the iboga tree, Tabernanthe iboga, one of the plants from which ibogaine is extracted, was first discovered by the Pygmy tribes of Central Africa, who passed the knowledge to the Bwiti tribe of Gabon. French explorers in turn learned of it from the Bwiti tribe and brought ibogaine back to Europe in 1899–1900, where it was subsequently marketed in France as a stimulant under the trade name Lambarène until the 1960s.[1][2] It was also marketed as Iperton.[2] Although ibogaine's anti-addictive properties were first widely promoted in 1962 by Howard Lotsof, its Western medical use predates that by at least a century.
During an eighteen-year timeline, a total of 19 fatalities temporally associated with the ingestion of ibogaine were reported, from which six subjects died of acute heart failure or cardiopulmonary arrest. Its prohibition in many countries has slowed scientific research.[9] Various derivatives of ibogaine designed to lack psychedelic properties, such as 18-MC, are under preliminary research.
- ^ a b c Mash DC (April 2023). "IUPHAR - invited review - Ibogaine - A legacy within the current renaissance of psychedelic therapy". Pharmacol Res. 190: 106620. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106620. PMID 36907284.
- ^ a b c d Maciulaitis R, Kontrimaviciute V, Bressolle FM, Briedis V (March 2008). "Ibogaine, an anti-addictive drug: pharmacology and time to go further in development. A narrative review". Hum Exp Toxicol. 27 (3): 181–194. Bibcode:2008HETox..27..181M. doi:10.1177/0960327107087802. PMID 18650249.
- ^ "Notice - Prescription Drug List (PDL): Multiple additions". Health Canada. Government of Canada, Health. 12 May 2017.
- ^ Galea S, Lorusso M, Newcombe D, Walters C, Williman J, Wheeler A (March 2011). Goodyear-Smith F (ed.). "Ibogaine--be informed before you promote or prescribe" (PDF). Journal of Primary Health Care. 3 (1): 86–7. PMID 21359272. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
- ^ US patent 2813873, Morrice-Marie Janot & Robert Goutarel, "Derivatives of the ibogaine alkaloids", issued 19 November 1957, assigned to Les Laboratoires Gobey
- ^ Soriano-García M (1992). "Structure of ibogaine". Acta Crystallogr. C. 48 (11): 2055–2057. Bibcode:1992AcCrC..48.2055S. doi:10.1107/S0108270192002786.
- ^ Soriano-García M, Walls F, Rodríguez A, Celis IL (1988). "Crystal and molecular structure of ibogamine: An alkaloid from Stemmadenia galeottiana". Journal of Crystallographic and Spectroscopic Research. 18 (2): 197–206. Bibcode:1988JCCry..18..197S. doi:10.1007/BF01181911. S2CID 97519993.
- ^ Arai G, Coppola J, Jeffrey GA (1960). "The structure of ibogaine". Acta Crystallographica. 13 (7): 553–564. Bibcode:1960AcCry..13..553A. doi:10.1107/S0365110X60001369.
- ^ Alper KR, Lotsof HS, Kaplan CD (January 2008). "The ibogaine medical subculture". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 115 (1): 9–24. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2007.08.034. PMID 18029124. Archived from the original on 6 February 2008.