Informal economy

Black market sellers offer watches for sale to US soldiers in Baghdad in 2004.
Informal economy: Haircut on a sidewalk in Vietnam.

An informal economy (informal sector or grey economy)[1][2] is the part of any economy that is neither taxed nor monitored by any form of government. Although the informal sector makes up a significant portion of the economies in developing countries, it is sometimes stigmatized as troublesome and unmanageable. However, the informal sector provides critical economic opportunities for the poor[3][4] and has been expanding rapidly since the 1960s.[5] Integrating the informal economy into the formal sector is an important policy challenge.[3]

In many cases, unlike the formal economy, activities of the informal economy are not included in a country's gross national product (GNP) or gross domestic product (GDP).[3] However, Italy has included estimates of informal activity in their GDP calculations since 1987, which swells their GDP by an estimated 18%[6] and in 2014, a number of European countries formally changed their GDP calculations to include prostitution and narcotics sales in their official GDP statistics, in line with international accounting standards, prompting an increase between 3-7%.[7] The informal sector can be described as a grey market in labour. Other concepts that can be characterized as informal sector can include the black market (shadow economy, underground economy), agorism, and System D. Associated idioms include "under the table", "off the books", and "working for cash".

  1. ^ Calbreath, Dean (2010-05-30). "Hidden economy a hidden danger". Union–Tribune San Diego. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
  2. ^ "Economics focus: In the shadows". The Economist. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
  3. ^ a b c "The Informal Economy: Fact Finding Study" (PDF). Swedish Department for Infrastructure and Economic Cooperation. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference ilo was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference :5 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ "Sex, drugs and GDP". The Economist. 31 May 2014.
  7. ^ "EU: Countries to Begin Counting Drugs, Prostitution in Economic Growth".

Informal economy

Dodaje.pl - Ogłoszenia lokalne