Intelligence

Intelligence has been defined in many ways: the capacity for abstraction, logic, understanding, self-awareness, learning, emotional knowledge, reasoning, planning, creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving. It can be described as the ability to perceive or infer information; and to retain it as knowledge to be applied to adaptive behaviors within an environment or context.^[1]

The term rose to prominence during the early 1900s.^[2]^[3] Most psychologists believe that intelligence can be divided into various domains or competencies.^[4]

Intelligence has been long-studied in humans, and across numerous disciplines. It has also been observed in the cognition of non-human animals.^[5] Some researchers have suggested that plants exhibit forms of intelligence, though this remains controversial.^[6]^[7]^[8]

Intelligence in computers or other machines is called artificial intelligence.

^ Sharma, Radha R. (2008). Emotional Intelligence from 17th Century to 21st Century: Perspectives and Directions for Future Research. Sage Journals. Vol. 12.
^ White, Margaret B. & Hall, Alfred E. (1980). An overview of intelligence testing. Phi Delta Kappa International. Vol. 58, No. 4, pp. 210-216
^ Buxton, Claude E. (1985). Influences in Psychology: Points of View in the Modern History of Psychology. Academic Press.
^ Cite error: The named reference :5 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Shettleworth SJ (2010). Cognition, Evolution and Behavior (2ND ed.). New York: Oxford Press.
^ Parise, André Geremia; Gaglianob, Monica; Souza, Gustavo Maia (3 January 2020). "Extended cognition in plants: is it possible?". Plant Signaling & Behavior. 15 (2).
^ Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference :3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[1] Sharma, Radha R. (2008). Emotional Intelligence from 17th Century to 21st Century: Perspectives and Directions for Future Research. Sage Journals. Vol. 12.

[2] White, Margaret B. & Hall, Alfred E. (1980). An overview of intelligence testing. Phi Delta Kappa International. Vol. 58, No. 4, pp. 210-216

[3] Buxton, Claude E. (1985). Influences in Psychology: Points of View in the Modern History of Psychology. Academic Press.

[:5-4] Cite error: The named reference :5 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Shettleworth-5] Shettleworth SJ (2010). Cognition, Evolution and Behavior (2ND ed.). New York: Oxford Press.

[6] Parise, André Geremia; Gaglianob, Monica; Souza, Gustavo Maia (3 January 2020). "Extended cognition in plants: is it possible?". Plant Signaling & Behavior. 15 (2).

[:2-7] Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[:3-8] Cite error: The named reference :3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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