Salafi jihadist militant Islamist group
Islamic State Also known as ISIS, ISIL, IS, Daesh Founder Abu Musab al-Zarqawi † Leaders Dates of operation Group(s) Headquarters Unknown (March 2019 – present) Active regions IS territory , in grey, at the time of its greatest territorial extent (May 2015)[ 44]
Islamic State
Syrian government
Lebanese government
Note: Iraq and Syria contain large desert areas with sparse populations. These areas are mapped as under the control of forces holding roads and towns within them.
Ideology Slogan Baqiya wa Tatamadad (Remaining and Expanding)Status Active Size
List of combatant numbers
Inside Syria and Iraq:
1,500–3,000[ 108] (UN 2024 report)
5,000–10,000[ 109] (UN Security Council 2019 report)
28,600–31,600 (July 2018)[ 110] (2016 US Defense Department estimate)
200,000[ 111] [ 112] (2015 claim by Iraqi Kurdistan Chief of Staff)
100,000[ 113] [ 112] (2015 Jihadist claim)
35,000–100,000[ 114] (at peak, US State Department estimate)
Outside Syria and Iraq: 32,600–57,900 (See Military activity of ISIL for more detailed estimates.)
Estimated total: 61,200–257,900
In 2015 (near max extent): 8–12 million[ 115] [ 116] In 2022 (ISWAP): 800,000[ 117]
Part of Al-Qaeda (2004–2013)Allies See section Opponents
Battles and wars
Primary target of
The Islamic State (IS ),[ a] also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS ), the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL ), the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS ), and by its Arabic acronym Daesh ,[ b] is a transnational Salafi jihadist group and former unrecognized Quasi-state .
IS gained global prominence in 2014, when its militants conquered large territories in northwestern Iraq and eastern Syria, taking advantage of the ongoing civil war in Syria and the disintegrating local military forces of Iraq. By the end of 2015, its self-declared caliphate ruled an area with a population of about 12 million,[ 115] [ 116] [ 161] where they enforced their extremist interpretation of Islamic law , managed an annual budget exceeding US$1 billion, and commanded more than 30,000 fighters.[ 162] After a grinding conflict with American, Iraqi, and Kurdish forces, IS lost control of all its Middle Eastern territories by 2019, subsequently reverting to insurgency from remote hideouts while continuing its propaganda efforts . These efforts have garnered a significant following in northern and Sahelian Africa,[ 163] [ 164] where IS still controls a significant territory.[ 165]
Originating in the Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah founded by Abu Omar al-Baghdadi in 2004, the organisation (primarily under the Islamic State of Iraq name) affiliated itself with al-Qaeda in Iraq and fought alongside them during the 2003–2006 phase of the Iraqi insurgency . The group later changed their name to Islamic State of Iraq and Levant for about a year,[ 167] [ 168] before declaring itself to be a worldwide caliphate ,[ 169] [ 170] called simply the Islamic State (الدولة الإسلامية , ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah ).[ 171]
As a caliphate, IS demanded the religious, political, and military obedience of Muslims worldwide ,[ 172] despite the rejection of its legitimacy by mainstream Muslims and its statehood by the United Nations and most governments.[ 173] Designated a terrorist organisation by the United Nations and others, IS—during its rule in northern Iraq—launched genocides against Yazidis and Iraqi Turkmen ; engaged in persecution of Christians , Shia Muslims , and Mandaeans ; publicised videos of beheadings of soldiers, journalists, and aid workers; and destroyed several cultural sites . The group has also perpetrated terrorist massacres in territories outside of its control, such as the November 2015 Paris attacks , the 2024 Kerman bombings in Iran, and the 2024 Crocus City Hall attack in Russia.
After 2015, the Iraqi Armed Forces and the Syrian Democratic Forces pushed back IS and degraded its financial and military infrastructure,[ 174] assisted by advisors, weapons, training, supplies, and airstrikes by the American-led coalition ,[ 175] and later by Russian airstrikes, bombings, cruise missile attacks, and scorched-earth tactics across Syria, which focused mostly on razing Syrian opposition strongholds rather than IS bases.[ 176] By March 2019, IS lost the last of its territories in West Asia , although its affiliates maintained a significant territorial presence in Africa as of 2024.[ 165]
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^ "عملية نوعية لـ "كتائب البعث" خلف خطوط "داعش" " [A qualitative operation by the "Baath Brigades" behind the lines of ISIS]. DamPress.net (in Arabic). 5 October 2014.
^ Juan Guaidó [@jguaido] (4 September 2019). "Desde la @AsambleaVE hemos declarado a la disidencia de las FARC, ELN, Hamas, Hezbollah e ISIS como grupos terroristas, ordenándoles a todos los cuerpos de seguridad del Estado proteger nuestra soberanía e integridad territorial frente a la amenaza que representan estos grupos" (Tweet ) – via Twitter .
^ Zelin, Aaron Y. (June 2014). The War between ISIS and al-Qaeda for Supremacy of the Global Jihadist Movement (PDF) . Research Notes (Report). Vol. 20. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2023 . In early 2006, Zarqawi brought together a number of other Iraqi insurgent factions and established the Majlis Shura al-Mujahedin (MSM)... This process was further consolidated after Zarqawi's death on June 7, 2006. On October 15, a statement titled 'Announcing the Establishment of the Islamic State of Iraq' was released by Muharib al-Juburi, ISI's new information minister. And on November 10, AQI's replacement for Zarqawi, Abu Hamza al-Muhajir, pledged baya to the newly appointed leader of ISI, Abu Omar al Baghdadi. While Muhajir had called bin Ladin emir in his first audio release on June 13, 2006, he never actually officially pledged baya. ... Therefore, Zarqawi's death invalidated MSM's implied pledge to bin Ladin. This means that, in effect, the group and its subsequent incarnations have not technically been subordinate to al-Qaeda in eight years.
^ Birke, Sarah (5 February 2017). "How ISIS Rules" . The New York Review of Books .
^ Gerges, Fawaz A. (2016). ISIS: A History . Princeton University Press. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-0-691-17000-8 .
^ "ISIS far from defeated in Syria: 2019 outlook (maps)" . Al-Masdar News . 1 January 2019. Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2019 .
^ "US-Led Allies Finishing Off 'Caliphate' " . VOA News . 1 March 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2019 .
^ a b Brian Carter; Kathryn Tyson; Liam Karr; Peter Mills (17 May 2023). "Salafi Jihadi Movement Weekly Update, May 17, 2023" . ISW, Critical Threats . Retrieved 4 January 2024 .
^ "Al-Qaeda in Iraq confirms Syria's Nusra Front is part of its network" . Al Arabiya . 9 April 2013. Archived from the original on 5 October 2022.
^ Abouzeid, Rania (23 June 2014). "The Jihad Next Door: The Syrian roots of Iraq's newest civil war" . Politico . Archived from the original on 19 January 2023.
^ Roggio, Bill (29 June 2014). "ISIS announces formation of Caliphate, rebrands as 'Islamic State' " . Long War Journal .
^ Withnall, Adam (29 June 2014). "Iraq crisis: Isis changes name and declares its territories a new Islamic state with 'restoration of caliphate' in Middle East" . The Independent . London.
^ "What is Islamic State?" . BBC News. 26 September 2014.
^ "What does ISIS' declaration of a caliphate mean?" . Al Akhbar . 30 June 2014. Archived from the original on 19 January 2019. See also: Kadi, Wadad; Shahin, Aram A. "Caliph, caliphate ". In Bowering (2013) .
^ Akyol, Mustafa (21 December 2015). "A Medieval Antidote to ISIS" . The New York Times .
^ Airstrikes in Iraq and Syria (Report). US Department of Defense. 9 August 2017.
^ "Once promised paradise, ISIS fighters end up in mass graves" . The Straits Times . 15 October 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2017 .
^ "42 months of Russian operations on the Syrian territory kill more than 8000 civilians including more than 18150 people in their raids and shelling" . United Kingdom: Syrian Observatory for Human Rights . 30 March 2019.
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