Jiang Zemin

Jiang Zemin
江泽民
Jiang in 2002
General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party
In office 24 June 1989 – 15 November 2002
Preceded by	Zhao Ziyang
Succeeded by	Hu Jintao
President of China
In office 27 March 1993 – 15 March 2003
Premier	Li Peng Zhu Rongji
Vice President	Rong Yiren Hu Jintao
Preceded by	Yang Shangkun
Succeeded by	Hu Jintao
Chairman of the Central Military Commission
In office Party Commission: 9 November 1989 – 19 September 2004 State Commission: 19 March 1990 – 8 March 2005
Deputy	See list Cao Gangchuan (2002–2005) Guo Boxiong (2002–2005) Hu Jintao (1999–2004) Chi Haotian (1995–2003) Zhang Wannian (1995–2003) Liu Huaqing (1989–1998) Zhang Zhen (1992–1998) Yang Shangkun (1989–1993)
Preceded by	Deng Xiaoping
Succeeded by	Hu Jintao
Personal details
Born	(1926-08-17)17 August 1926 Yangzhou, Jiangsu, Republic of China
Died	30 November 2022(2022-11-30) (aged 96) Jing'an District, Shanghai, China
Political party	Communist Party of China
Spouse	Wang Yeping ​ (m. 1949)​
Relatives	Jiang Mianheng (son)
Alma mater	National Central University (transferred) National Chiao Tung University (BS)
Occupation	Politician
Profession	Electrical engineer
Signature
Jiang Zemin's voice Jiang during a press conference with Bill Clinton Recorded 29 October 1997
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese	江泽民
Traditional Chinese	江澤民
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Jiāng Zémín Wade–Giles Chiang1 Tzê2-min2 IPA [tɕjáŋ tsɤ̌.mǐn] Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Gōng Jaahk-màahn Jyutping Gong1 Zaak6-maan4 IPA [kɔŋ˥ tsak̚˨.man˩] Southern Min Hokkien POJ Kang Tik-bîn
Central institution membership 1989–2002: 13th, 14th, 15th Politburo Standing Committee 1989–2005: 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th Central Military Commission 1987–2002: 13th, 14th, 15th Politburo 1983–2002: 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th Central Committee 1988–2008: 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th National People's Congress Other political offices held 1987–89: Communist Party Committee Secretary, Shanghai 1984–87: Mayor, Shanghai 1983–85: Minister, Ministry of Electronic Industries Paramount Leader of the People's Republic of China ← Deng Xiaoping Hu Jintao →

This article is part of a series about Jiang Zemin
1992 reelection as General Secretary 1997 reelection as General Secretary Shanghai clique Policies and theories Three Represents Socialist market economy Three Stresses campaign Program 973 Project 211 Project 985 China Western Development Go Out policy Key events Deng Xiaoping's southern tour Three Gorges Dam Third Taiwan Strait Crisis Handover of Hong Kong 1998 China floods Persecution of Falun Gong Handover of Macau Diplomacy International trips 1998 Japan visit US Belgrade embassy bombing 2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship 2002 Germany, Libya, Nigeria, Tunisia and Iran visit
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Jiang Zemin^[a] (17 August 1926 – 30 November 2022) was a Chinese politician who served as general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from 1989 to 2002, as chairman of the Central Military Commission from 1989 to 2004, and as president of China from 1993 to 2003. Jiang was the third paramount leader of China from 1989 to 2002. He was the core leader of the third generation of Chinese leadership, one of four core leaders alongside Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, and Xi Jinping.

Born in Yangzhou, Jiangsu, Jiang joined the CCP while he was in college. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, he received training at the Stalin Automobile Works in Moscow in the 1950s, later returning to Shanghai in 1962 to serve in various institutes, later being sent between 1970 and 1972 to Romania as part of an expert team to establish machinery manufacturing plants in the country. After 1979, he was appointed as the vice chair of two commissions by vice premier Gu Mu to oversee the newly established special economic zones (SEZs). He became the vice minister of the newly established Ministry of Electronics Industry and a member of the CCP Central Committee in 1982.

Jiang was appointed as the mayor of Shanghai in 1985, later being promoted to its Communist Party secretary, as well as a member of the CCP Politburo, in 1987. Jiang came to power unexpectedly as a compromise candidate following the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, when he replaced Zhao Ziyang as CCP general secretary after Zhao was ousted for his support for the student movement. As the involvement of the "Eight Elders" in Chinese politics steadily declined,^[1] Jiang consolidated his hold on power to become the "paramount leader" in the country during the 1990s.^[b] Urged by Deng Xiaoping's southern tour in 1992, Jiang officially introduced the term "socialist market economy" in his speech during the 14th CCP National Congress held later that year, which accelerated "opening up and reform".

Under Jiang's leadership, China experienced substantial economic growth with the continuation of market reforms. The returning of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom in 1997 and of Macau from Portugal in 1999, and entry into the World Trade Organization in 2001, were landmark moments of his era. China also witnessed improved relations with the outside world, while the Communist Party maintained its tight control over the state. Jiang faced criticism over human rights abuses, including the crackdown on the Falun Gong movement. His contributions to party doctrine, known as the "Three Represents", were written into the CCP constitution in 2002. Jiang gradually vacated his official leadership titles from 2002 to 2005, being succeeded in these roles by Hu Jintao, although he and his political faction continued to influence affairs until much later. In 2022, Jiang died at the age of 96 in Shanghai; he was accorded a state funeral.

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