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Joe Hill | |
|---|---|
&sq=crain_ford&lang=en&file=File:Joe_hill002.jpg) Joe Hill | |
| Born | Joel Emmanuel Hägglund October 7, 1879 Gävle, Sweden |
| Died | November 19, 1915 (aged 36) Sugar House Prison, Utah, U.S. |
| Cause of death | Execution by firing squad |
| Other names | Joseph Hillström |
| Occupation(s) | Labor activist, songwriter, and member of the Industrial Workers of the World |
| Signature | |
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Joe Hill (October 7, 1879 – November 19, 1915), born Joel Emmanuel Hägglund and also known as Joseph Hillström,[1] was a Swedish-American labor activist, songwriter, and member of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW, familiarly called the "Wobblies").[2] A native Swedish speaker, he learned English during the early 1900s, while working various jobs from New York to San Francisco.[3] Hill, an immigrant worker frequently facing unemployment and underemployment, became a popular songwriter and cartoonist for the union. His songs include "The Preacher and the Slave"[4] (in which he coined the phrase "pie in the sky"),[5] "The Tramp", "There Is Power in a Union", "The Rebel Girl", and "Casey Jones—the Union Scab", which express the harsh and combative life of itinerant workers, and call for workers to organize their efforts to improve working conditions.[6]
In 1914, John G. Morrison, a Salt Lake City area grocer and former policeman, and his son were shot and killed by two men.[7] The same evening, Hill arrived at a doctor's office with a gunshot wound, and briefly mentioned a fight over a woman. He refused to explain further, even after he was accused of the grocery store murders on the basis of his injury. Hill was convicted of the murders in a controversial trial. Following an unsuccessful appeal, political debates, and international calls for clemency from high-profile figures and workers' organizations, Hill was executed in November 1915. After his death, he was memorialized by several folk songs. His life and death have inspired books and poetry.
The identity of the woman and the rival who supposedly caused Hill's injury, though frequently speculated upon, remained mostly conjecture for nearly a century. William M. Adler's 2011 biography of Hill presents information about a possible alibi, which was never introduced at the trial.[8] According to Adler, Hill and his friend and countryman Otto Appelquist were rivals for the attention of 20-year-old Hilda Erickson, a member of the family with whom the two men were lodging. In a recently discovered letter, Erickson confirmed her relationship with the two men and the rivalry between them. The letter indicates that when she first discovered Hill was injured, he explained to her that Appelquist had shot him, apparently out of jealousy.[9]
- ^ "Joehill.org". Joehill.org. November 19, 1915. Archived from the original on July 3, 2013. Retrieved July 14, 2013.
- ^ Adler 2011, pp. 92–94, 121.
- ^ Adler 2011, pp. 115–119.
- ^ Harry McClintock (2004). Long Haired Preacher (Preacher and the Slave) – via YouTube.
- ^ Adler 2011, p. 182.
- ^ Adler 2011, pp. 12–13, 206.
- ^ Adler 2011, pp. 44–52.
- ^ Greenhouse, Steven (August 27, 2011). "Examining a Labor Hero's Death". The New York Times. p. A10. ProQuest 885453470.
His [William Adler's] research is just incredible -- it expands what we know in really dramatic ways," said John R. Sillito, co-author of a new book on radicalism in Utah and a retired archivist at Weber State University in Ogden. "It builds a strong case that Wilson should have been the prime suspect.
- ^ Adler 2011, pp. 294–297.