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Josiah Warren

Josiah Warren
Photograph by Frank Rowell, Studio, 25 Winter St. Boston, Mass., U.S.
BornJune 26, 1798[1]
Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
DiedApril 14, 1874(1874-04-14) (aged 75)
Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
Burial placeMount Auburn Cemetery,[2] Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.
Other namesJosiah the Reformer[*]
OccupationInventor
Known fordeveloping the rotary printing press technology
Movement
SpouseCaroline Catter
ChildrenGeorge William Warren
Relatives
Philosophy career
Era19th-century philosophy
RegionAmerican philosophy
School
Main interests
Notable ideas
Writing career
GenreNon-fiction
SubjectSocial philosophy, Political philosophy
Notable worksTrue Civilization (1863), Equitable Commerce (1846), Practical Applications of the Elementary Principles of True Civilization (1873)
Signature
Notes
^ *: This nickname was given to him by his close relative, Lyman O. Warren, M.D., during his research on the Warren family history.[5]
^ †: Josiah Warren is regarded as a thinker of modern-era utopianism[6] and a proponent of rationalism in philosophy.[7] He is seen as part of the philosophical anarchist tradition and has been described as a "libertarian"[8] or an "individualist anarchist" avant la lettre. Warren did not refer to himself as an "anarchist" but instead identified as a "democrat";[9] the politonym of a follower of his movement was "equitist".

Josiah Warren (/ˈwɒrən/; June 26, 1798 – April 14, 1874)[10] was an American social reformer, inventor, musician, businessman, and philosopher.[11]

He is regarded as the first American philosophical anarchist;[11] he took an active part in Robert Owen's experimental community at New Harmony, Indiana, in 1825–1826.[10] Later, Warren rejected Owenism, giving birth to the Time Store Cooperative Movement (historically known as "Equity Movement"). His own ideas were partly implemented through the establishment of the Cincinnati Time Store, followed by the founding of the Utopian Community of Modern Times. In his 1863 work titled True Civilization, Warren outlines his philosophy founded on the "sovereignty of every individual." In his subsequent development, Practical Applications of the Elementary Principles of True Civilization (1873), he proposes a decentralized hexagonal ideal city, drawing inspiration from J. Madison Allen of Ancora design. The city was supposed to be the antithesis[a] of communism, being owned by cellular units while promoting equitable distribution and a system of time chits.[13]

A pioneer in printing technology, he invented America's first continuous-feed rotary press, that was capable of producing 60 copies per minute, in contrast to the 5 copies produced by standard presses of that time.[14] This invention was exhibited in New York City in 1832, and, according to the 19th-century newspaper The Engraver and Electrotyper, "one of the crowds that went to see the new machine was Robert Hoe," the founder of the R. Hoe & Company.[15] A few years later, Hoe & Company began producing a press based on the same principle, which would revolutionize printing by the late nineteenth century.[14][16]

Warren is also recognized for his contributions to the development of coal-oil stoves and for being one of the first to establish a trade school in the United States.[17] His philosophical work has been appreciated across the political spectrum, influencing prominent intellectuals such as Herbert Spencer, Benjamin Tucker, Émile Armand, and John Stuart Mill. By the 20th century, he was cited by Robert Nozick in Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974), where Nozick explores the concept of a meta-utopia – a collection of coexisting utopias.[18]

  1. ^ "Josiah Warren index card, Notes by Wilbur David Peat about Josiah Warren". indianamemory.contentdm.oclc.org. Archived from the original on September 30, 2021. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
  2. ^ "Josiah Warren – Remember My Journey". Remember My Journey. Archived from the original on September 29, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
  3. ^ Public Domain One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Bailie, William (1906). Josiah Warren, The First American Anarchist. Boston: Small, Maynard & Company. pp. 83, 123. LCCN 06002520.
  4. ^ Walters, Ronald G. (1997). Foner, Eric (ed.). American Reformers, 1815-1860 (Revised ed.). New York: Hill & Wang. p. 61. ISBN 0-8090-1588-9.
  5. ^ Wunderlich, Roger (1992). Low Living and High Thinking at Modern Times, New York (1st ed.). Syracuse University Press. p. 16. ISBN 0-8156-2554-5.
  6. ^ Widdicombe, Toby; Morris, James M.; Kross, Andrea L. (2017). Historical Dictionary of Utopianism (2nd ed.). London: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 426. ISBN 978-1-5381-0216-9. LCCN 2016059088.
  7. ^ McCabe, Joseph (1920). A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists. London: Watts & Co. p. 869. ISBN 978-1-85506-597-0.
  8. ^ Widdicombe, Toby; Morris, James M.; Kross, Andrea L. (2017). Historical Dictionary of Utopianism (2nd ed.). London: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 426. ISBN 978-1-5381-0216-9. LCCN 2016059088.
  9. ^ Love Brown, Susan (2015). "From Utopian Socialism to Utopian Capitalism in the American Individualist Republic". In Harison, Casey (ed.). A New Social Question. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-4438-8374-0.
  10. ^ a b Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Wheeler, Joseph Mazzini (2010) [1889]. A Biographical Dictionary of Freethinkers of All Ages and Nations. London: Progressive Publishing Company (Project Gutenberg). p. 330. ISBN 978-1-4655-6286-9.
  11. ^ a b Howlett, Charles F. (2005). "Warren, Josiah (c. 1798–14 April 1874), social reformer, inventor, musician, and America's first philosophical anarchist". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1101217. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7.
  12. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Warren, Josiah (1873). Practical Applications of the Elementary Principles of True Civilization to the Minute Details of Every Day Life. Princeton, MA: Josiah Warren. title page. And the FACTS and Conclusions of FORTY SEVEN YEARS study and experiments in Reform Movements through Communism to and in ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES, found in a direction exactly opposite to and away from Communism, but leading directly to all the harmonic results aimed at by Communism.
  13. ^ Cheng, Irene (2023). "Toward More Transparent Rapresentation". The Shape of Utopia. University of Minnesota Press. § The Hexagonal “Anarchist” City of Josiah Warren. ISBN 978-1-4529-6096-8.
  14. ^ a b Reece, Erik (2016). "A Simple Act of Moral Commerce". Utopia Drive. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-71075-0.
  15. ^ Public Domain One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: "The Late Robert Hoe". The Engraver and Electrotyper. 13 (10). W. Hughes: 7–8. 1909 [1 October 1909].
  16. ^ Public Domain One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Bailie, William (1906). Josiah Warren, The First American Anarchist. Boston: Small, Maynard & Company. p. 84. LCCN 06002520.
  17. ^ Rutledge, Archibald (1917). "The Original Trade School". Our Paper. 34 (43) (published October 27, 1917): 511.
  18. ^ Paul, Ellen Frankel; Miller, Fred Dycus; Paul, Jeffrey, eds. (2005). Natural Rights Liberalism from Locke to Nozick. Social Philosophy and Policy. Vol. 22. Cambridge University Press. p. 223. ISBN 978-0521615143.


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Josiah Warren

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