Back Jupiter (mitologie) AF Iuppiter ALS Chupiter (mitolochía) AN جوبيتر Arabic جيوبتر ARZ Xúpiter (mitoloxía) AST Yupiter (mifologiya) AZ Юпитер (мифология) BA Jupiter (mitologi) BAN Юпітэр (міфалогія) BE
| Jupiter | |
|---|---|
| Member of the Archaic Triad, Capitoline Triad and the Dii Consentes | |
&sq=crain_ford&lang=en&file=File:0_Jupiter_-_Louvre_MR_254_-_Louvre-Lens_(2).JPG) A marble statue of Jupiter | |
| Other names | Jove |
| Venerated in | |
| Abode | The heavens |
| Planet | Jupiter[1] |
| Symbol | Lightning bolt, eagle, oak tree |
| Day | Thursday (dies Jovis) |
| Genealogy | |
| Parents | Saturn and Ops[2][3] |
| Siblings | Vesta, Ceres, Juno, Pluto, Neptune |
| Consort | Juno |
| Children | Mars, Vulcan, Bellona, Angelos, Lucina, Juventas, Minerva, Hercules |
| Equivalents | |
| Etruscan | Tinia |
| Greek | Zeus[4] |
| Hindu | Dyaus Pita[5] |
| Indo-European | *Dyḗus-ph₂tḗr |
| Religion in ancient Rome |
|---|
&sq=crain_ford&lang=en&file=File:Bas_relief_from_Arch_of_Marcus_Aurelius_showing_sacrifice.jpg) |
| Practices and beliefs |
| Priesthoods |
| Deities |
| Related topics |
Jupiter (Latin: Iūpiter or Iuppiter,[6] from Proto-Italic *djous "day, sky" + *patēr "father", thus "sky father" Greek: Δίας or Ζεύς),[7] also known as Jove (gen. Iovis [ˈjɔwɪs]), is the god of the sky and thunder, and king of the gods in ancient Roman religion and mythology. Jupiter was the chief deity of Roman state religion throughout the Republican and Imperial eras, until Christianity became the dominant religion of the Empire. In Roman mythology, he negotiates with Numa Pompilius, the second king of Rome, to establish principles of Roman religion such as offering, or sacrifice.
Jupiter is thought to have originated as a sky god. His identifying implement is the thunderbolt and his primary sacred animal is the eagle,[8][9] which held precedence over other birds in the taking of auspices[10] and became one of the most common symbols of the Roman army (see Aquila). The two emblems were often combined to represent the god in the form of an eagle holding in its claws a thunderbolt, frequently seen on Greek and Roman coins.[11] As the skygod, he was a divine witness to oaths, the sacred trust on which justice and good government depend. Many of his functions were focused on the Capitoline Hill, where the citadel was located. In the Capitoline Triad, he was the central guardian of the state with Juno and Minerva. His sacred tree was the oak.
The Romans regarded Jupiter as the equivalent of the Greek Zeus,[12] and in Latin literature and Roman art, the myths and iconography of Zeus are adapted under the name Jupiter. In the Greek-influenced tradition, Jupiter was the brother of Neptune and Pluto, the Roman equivalents of Poseidon and Hades respectively. Each presided over one of the three realms of the universe: sky, the waters, and the underworld. The Italic Diespiter was also a sky god who manifested himself in the daylight, usually identified with Jupiter.[13] Tinia is usually regarded as his Etruscan counterpart.[14]
- ^ Evans, James (1998). The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy. Oxford University Press. pp. 296–7. ISBN 978-0-19-509539-5. Retrieved 4 February 2008.
- ^ Saturni filius, frg. 2 in the edition of Baehrens.
- ^ Keats, John (26 April 2007). Selected Poems: Keats: Keats. Penguin UK. ISBN 9780141936918 – via Google Books.
- ^ West, M.L. (1966) Hesiod Theogony: 18–31; Kirk, G.S. (1970) Myth: Its meaning and function in ancient and other cultures: 214–220 Berkeley and Los Angeles; with Zeus being the Greek equivalent of Jupiter.
- ^ West, M. L. (2007). Indo-European Poetry and Myth. Oxford University Press. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-19-928-075-9.
- ^ Iūpiter is thought to be the historically older form and Iuppiter, to have arosen through the so-called littera-rule. Compare Weiss (2010). "Observations on the littera rule" (PDF). Cornell Phonetics Lab. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2016.
- ^ de Vaan, Michiel (31 October 2018). Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages. Leiden; Boston. p. 315. ISBN 9789004167971.
- ^ Dumézil (1974), p. [page needed] citing Pliny Naturalis Historia X 16. A. Alföldi Zu den römischen Reiterscheiben in Germania 30 1952 p. 188 and n. 11.
- ^ Dumézil (1977), p. 215 n. 58.
- ^ Servius Ad Aeneidem II 374.
- ^ Dictionary of Roman Coins, see e.g. reverse of "Consecratio" coin of Emperor Commodus & coin of Ptolemy V Epiphanes minted c. 204–180 BC.
- ^ Larousse Desk Reference Encyclopedia, The Book People, Haydock, 1995, p. 215.
- ^ Diespiter should not be confused with Dis pater, but the two names do cause confusion even in some passages of ancient literature; P.T. Eden, commentary on the Apocolocyntosis (Cambridge University Press, 1984, 2002), pp. 111–112.
- ^ Massimo Pallottino, "Etruscan Daemonology", p. 41, and
Robert Schilling, "Rome", pp. 44 and 63,
both in (1981, 1992) Roman and European Mythologies, University of Chicago Press, 1992, transl. from the 1981 French edition;
Giuliano Bonfante and Larissa Bonfante, (1983, 2003) The Etruscan Language: An Introduction, Manchester University Press rev. ed., pp. 24, 84, 85, 219, 225;
Nancy Thomson de Grummond, (2006), Etruscan Myth, Sacred History, and Legend, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, pp. 19, 53–58 et passim;
Jean MacIntosh Turfa, (2012), Divining the Etruscan World: The Brontoscopic Calendar and Religious Practice Cambridge University Press, p. 62.