Land degradation

Land degradation is a process where land becomes less healthy and productive due to a combination of human activities or natural conditions. The causes for land degradation are numerous and complex.^[1] Human activities are often the main cause, such as unsustainable land management practices. Natural hazards are excluded as a cause; however human activities can indirectly affect phenomena such as floods and wildfires.

One of the impacts of land degradation is that it can diminish the natural capacity of the land to store and filter water leading to water scarcity. Human-induced land degradation and water scarcity are increasing the levels of risk for agricultural production and ecosystem services.^[1]

The United Nations estimate that about 30% of land is degraded worldwide, and about 3.2 billion people reside in these degrading areas, giving a high rate of environmental pollution.^[2] Land degradation reduces agricultural productivity, leads to biodiversity loss, and can reduce food security as well as water security.^[3][1] It was estimated in 2007 that up to 40% of the world's agricultural land is seriously degraded,^[4] with the United Nations estimating that the global economy could lose $23 trillion by 2050 through degradation.^[5]