Back Ливан AB Lubnan ACE Ливан ADY Libanon AF Libanon ALS ሊባኖስ AM Lebanon AMI Liban AN Libanus ANG लेबनान ANP

Lebanon

This article is about the country. For other uses, see Lebanon (disambiguation).
"Liban" redirects here. For other uses, see Liban (disambiguation).
"Lebanese Republic" redirects here. Not to be confused with its predecessor state (1926–1946).
Republic of Lebanon
الجمهورية اللبنانية (Arabic)
al-Jumhūriyyah al-Lubnāniyyah
Flag of Lebanon
Anthem: 
  • كلّنا للوطن‎
  • Kullunā li-l-waṭan
  • "All of us, for our country!"
Location of Lebanon (in green)
Location of Lebanon (in green)
Location of Lebanon
Capital
and largest city
Beirut
33°54′N 35°32′E / 33.900°N 35.533°E / 33.900; 35.533
Official languagesArabic[1]
Local vernacularLebanese Arabic[2]
Recognised minority languageFrench[a]
Ethnic groups
(2021)[3]
Demonym(s)Lebanese
GovernmentUnitary parliamentary republic that includes confessionalism[4]
• President
Vacant
Najib Mikati
Nabih Berri
LegislatureParliament
Establishment
1516
1 December 1843
9 June 1861
1 September 1920
23 May 1926
• Independence declared
22 November 1943
• French mandate ended
24 October 1945
• Withdrawal of French forces
17 April 1946
24 May 2000
30 April 2005
Area
• Total
10,452 km2 (4,036 sq mi) (161st)
• Water (%)
1.8
Population
• 2024 estimate
5,364,482[5] (117th)
• Density
513/km2 (1,328.7/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)2022 estimate
• Total
Increase $78.233 billion[6] (108th)
• Per capita
Increase $11,793[6] (114th)
GDP (nominal)2022 estimate
• Total
Increase $21.780 billion[6] (103rd)
• Per capita
Increase $3,283[6] (133rd)
Gini (2011)Positive decrease 31.8[7]
medium inequality
HDI (2022)Increase 0.723[8]
high (109th)
CurrencyLebanese pound (LBP)
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
• Summer (DST)
UTC+3 (EEST)
Drives onRight[9]
Calling code+961[10]
ISO 3166 codeLB
Internet TLD

33°50′N 35°50′E / 33.833°N 35.833°E / 33.833; 35.833 Lebanon,[b] officially the Republic of Lebanon,[c] is a country in the Levant region of West Asia, bordered by Syria to the north and east, Israel to the south, and the Mediterranean Sea to the west; Cyprus lies a short distance from the country's coastline. It is at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian Peninsula.[11] Lebanon has a population of more than five million and an area of 10,452 square kilometres (4,036 sq mi). Beirut is the country's capital and largest city.

Human habitation in Lebanon dates to 5000 BC.[12] From 3200 to 539 BC, it was part of Phoenicia, a maritime empire that stretched the Mediterranean Basin.[13] In 64 BC, the region became part of the Roman Empire, and later the Byzantine Empire. After the 7th century, it came under the rule of different caliphates, including the Rashidun, Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphate. The 11th century saw the establishment of Crusader states, which fell to the Ayyubids and the Mamluks, and eventually the Ottomans. Under Ottoman ruler Abdulmejid I, the first Lebanese proto-state, the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate, was established in the 19th century as a home for Maronite Christians, in the Tanzimat period.

After the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire following World War I, Lebanon came under the Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon, administered by France, which established Greater Lebanon. By 1943, Lebanon had gained independence from Free France and established a distinct form of confessionalist government, with the state's major religious groups being apportioned specific political powers. The new Lebanese state was relatively stable after independence,[14] but this was ultimately shattered by the outbreak of the Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990). Lebanon was also subjugated by two military occupations: Syria from 1976 to 2005 and Israel from 1985 to 2000. Lebanon has been the scene of several conflicts with Israel, of which the ongoing war marks the fourth Israeli invasion of it since 1978.

Lebanon is a developing country, ranked 112th on the Human Development Index.[15] It has been classified as an upper-middle-income state.[16] The Lebanese liquidity crisis, coupled with nationwide corruption and disasters such as the 2020 Beirut explosion, precipitated the collapse of Lebanon's currency and fomented political instability, widespread resource shortages, and high unemployment and poverty. The World Bank has defined Lebanon's economic crisis as one of the world's worst since the 19th century.[17][18] Despite the country's small size,[19] Lebanese culture is renowned both in the Arab world and globally, powered primarily by the Lebanese diaspora.[20] Lebanon is a founding member of the United Nations and of the Arab League,[21] and is a member of the Non-Aligned Movement, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, and the Group of 77.

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference article_11 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Simpson, Andrew (2 January 2019). Language and Society: An Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-094020-1.
  3. ^ "Lebanon – the World Factbook". 23 September 2021. Archived from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
  4. ^ "The Lebanese Constitution" (PDF). Presidency of Lebanon. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
  5. ^ "Lebanon". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
  6. ^ a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Lebanon)". International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2023. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  7. ^ "Gini Index coefficient". CIA World Factbook. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  8. ^ "Human Development Report 2023/24" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. p. 275. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 9 May 2024.
  9. ^ "Driving in Lebanon". adcidl.com. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference cia was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ McGowen, Afaf Sabeh (1989). "Historical Setting". In Collelo, Thomas (ed.). Lebanon: A Country Study. Area Handbook Series (3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: The Division. OCLC 18907889. Retrieved 24 July 2009.
  12. ^ Dumper, Michael; Stanley, Bruce E.; Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (2006). Cities of the Middle East and North Africa. ABC-CLIO. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-57607-919-5. Archaeological excavations at Byblos indicate that the site has been continually inhabited since at least 5000 B.C.
  13. ^ "All at sea: The maritime lives of the ancient Phoenicians". press.princeton.edu. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  14. ^ "Background Note: Lebanon". U.S. Department of State. 22 March 2010. Archived from the original on 14 September 2019. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
  15. ^ "Lebanon- Human development report 2021/2022". Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
  16. ^ "World Economic Situation and Prospects (WESP) Statistical Annex: Country Classification" (PDF). un.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
  17. ^ "Lebanon: Why the country is in crisis". BBC. British Broadcasting Corporation. 2020. Archived from the original on 30 July 2020. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  18. ^ "Lebanon – World bank". June 2021. Archived from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
  19. ^ "Lebanon country profile". BBC News. 24 August 2011. Archived from the original on 16 October 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  20. ^ Abdelhady, Dalia. The Lebanese Diaspora: The Arab Immigrant Experience in Montreal, New York, and Paris. NYU Press, 2011, page 130
  21. ^ "Arab League". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2023.


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Lebanon

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