Lebensraum

Lebensraum (German pronunciation: [ˈleːbənsˌʁaʊm] ^ⓘ, living space) is a German concept of expansionism and Völkisch nationalism, the philosophy and policies of which were common to German politics from the 1890s to the 1940s. First popularized around 1901,^[2] Lebensraum became a geopolitical goal of Imperial Germany in World War I (1914–1918), as the core element of the Septemberprogramm of territorial expansion.^[3] The most extreme form of this ideology was supported by the Nazi Party and Nazi Germany, the ultimate goal of which was to establish a Greater German Reich. Lebensraum was a leading motivation of Nazi Germany to initiate World War II, and it would continue this policy until the end of the conflict.^[4]

Following Adolf Hitler's rise to power, Lebensraum became an ideological principle of Nazism and provided justification for the German territorial expansion into Central and Eastern Europe.^[5] The Nazi policy Generalplan Ost (lit. 'Master Plan for the East') was based on its tenets. It stipulated that Germany required a Lebensraum necessary for its survival and that most of the populations of Central and Eastern Europe would have to be removed permanently (either through mass deportation to Siberia, extermination, or enslavement), including Polish, Ukrainian, Russian, Czech, and other Slavic nations considered non-Aryan. The Nazi government aimed at repopulating these lands with Germanic colonists in the name of Lebensraum during and following World War II.^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9] Entire populations were ravaged by starvation; any agricultural surplus was used to feed Germany.^[6] The Jewish population was to be exterminated outright.

Hitler's strategic program for Greater Germany was based on the belief in the power of Lebensraum, especially when pursued by a racially superior society.^[7] People deemed to be part of non-Aryan races, within the territory of Lebensraum expansion, were subjected to expulsion or destruction.^[7] The eugenics of Lebensraum assumed it to be the right of the German Aryan master race (Herrenvolk) to remove the indigenous people in the name of their own living space. They took inspiration for this concept from outside Germany.^[7] Hitler and Nazi officials took a particular interest in manifest destiny, and attempted to replicate it in occupied Europe.^[9] Nazi Germany also supported other Axis Powers' expansionist ideologies such as Fascist Italy's spazio vitale and Imperial Japan's hakkō ichiu.^[10]

^ "Utopia: The 'Greater Germanic Reich of the German Nation'". Munich and Berlin: Institut für Zeitgeschichte. 1999. Archived from the original on 2018-09-15. Retrieved 2018-09-15.
^ William Mallinson; Zoran Ristic (2016). "The Political Poisoning of Geography". The Threat of Geopolitics to International Relations: Obsession with the Heartland. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 3 (19 / 30 in PDF). ISBN 978-1-4438-9738-9. Archived from the original on 2020-01-22. Retrieved 2017-01-24. [Also in:] Gearóid Ó Tuathail; Gerard Toal (1996). Critical Geopolitics: The Politics of Writing Global Space. U of Minnesota Press. pp. 37–38. ISBN 978-0816626038 – via Google Books.
^ Graham Evans; Jeffrey Newnham, eds. (1998). Penguin Dictionary of International relations. Penguin Books. p. 301. ISBN 978-0140513974. Geopolitics (excerpt).
^ Woodruff D. Smith. The Ideological Origins of Nazi Imperialism. Oxford University Press. p. 84.
^ Allan Bullock & Stephen Trombley, ed. "Lebensraum." The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought (1999), p. 473.
^ ^a ^b André Mineau (2004). Operation Barbarossa: Ideology and Ethics Against Human Dignity. Rodopi. p. 180. ISBN 978-9042016330 – via Google Books.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Baranowski, Shelley (2011). Nazi Empire: German Colonialism and Imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler. Cambridge University Press. p. 141. ISBN 978-0521857390 – via Google Books.
^ Jeremy Noakes (March 30, 2011). "BBC – History – World Wars: Hitler and Lebensraum in the East".
^ ^a ^b "Lebensraum". encyclopedia.ushmm.org. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
^ Mark Mazower (2013) [2008]. Hitler's Empire: Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe. Penguin UK. p. 431. ISBN 978-0141917504 – via Google Books.

[1] "Utopia: The 'Greater Germanic Reich of the German Nation'". Munich and Berlin: Institut für Zeitgeschichte. 1999. Archived from the original on 2018-09-15. Retrieved 2018-09-15.

[WM&ZR-2] William Mallinson; Zoran Ristic (2016). "The Political Poisoning of Geography". The Threat of Geopolitics to International Relations: Obsession with the Heartland. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 3 (19 / 30 in PDF). ISBN 978-1-4438-9738-9. Archived from the original on 2020-01-22. Retrieved 2017-01-24. [Also in:] Gearóid Ó Tuathail; Gerard Toal (1996). Critical Geopolitics: The Politics of Writing Global Space. U of Minnesota Press. pp. 37–38. ISBN 978-0816626038 – via Google Books.

[E/N301-3] Graham Evans; Jeffrey Newnham, eds. (1998). Penguin Dictionary of International relations. Penguin Books. p. 301. ISBN 978-0140513974. Geopolitics (excerpt).

[4] Woodruff D. Smith. The Ideological Origins of Nazi Imperialism. Oxford University Press. p. 84.

[5] Allan Bullock & Stephen Trombley, ed. "Lebensraum." The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought (1999), p. 473.

[Mineau180-6] André Mineau (2004). Operation Barbarossa: Ideology and Ethics Against Human Dignity. Rodopi. p. 180. ISBN 978-9042016330 – via Google Books.

[Baranowski141-7] Baranowski, Shelley (2011). Nazi Empire: German Colonialism and Imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler. Cambridge University Press. p. 141. ISBN 978-0521857390 – via Google Books.

[8] Jeremy Noakes (March 30, 2011). "BBC – History – World Wars: Hitler and Lebensraum in the East".

[USHMM-9] "Lebensraum". encyclopedia.ushmm.org. Retrieved 2019-03-09.

[10] Mark Mazower (2013) [2008]. Hitler's Empire: Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe. Penguin UK. p. 431. ISBN 978-0141917504 – via Google Books.

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