Liberalism in the Philippines

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Liberalism in the Philippines first emerged during Spanish rule, along with broader liberal developments within Spain. The ideology became prominent among an educated group known as the ilustrado, including the author José Rizal, whose writing contained liberal themes. Liberal ideas were adopted by the nationalistic Philippine Revolution, and later co-opted by the American administration. Liberalism became popular under American rule, which saw the creation of the Liberal Party of the Philippines, one of the oldest parties in the Philippines. This elite ideology became contested following independence. The lack of progress on economic inequality led to a communist insurgency. Liberal democracy was further challenged by the establishment of Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos. A return to liberal democracy following the People Power Revolution was upturned by the rule of Rodrigo Duterte.