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Linux

This article is about the family of operating systems. For the kernel, see Linux kernel. For other uses, see Linux (disambiguation).

Linux
Tux the penguin
Tux the penguin, the mascot of Linux[1]
DeveloperCommunity contributors,
Linus Torvalds
Written inC, assembly languages, Rust and others
OS familyUnix-like
Working stateCurrent
Source modelOpen source
Initial releaseSeptember 17, 1991 (1991-09-17)
Repositorygit.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/
github.com/torvalds/linux
Marketing targetCloud computing, embedded devices, mainframe computers, mobile devices, personal computers, servers, supercomputers
Available inMultilingual
PlatformsAlpha, ARC, ARM, C-Sky, Hexagon, LoongArch, m68k, Microblaze, MIPS, Nios II, OpenRISC, PA-RISC, PowerPC, RISC-V, s390, SuperH, SPARC, x86, Xtensa
Kernel typeMonolithic
Userlandutil-linux by standard[a], various alternatively, such as Busybox[b], GNU[c], Plan 9 from User Space[d] and Toybox[e]
Influenced byMinix
Default
user interface
LicenseGPLv2[13][f]
Official websitekernel.org
Articles in the series
Linux kernel
Linux distribution

Linux (/ˈlɪnʊks/, LIN-uuks)[15] is a family of open-source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel,[16] an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991, by Linus Torvalds.[17][18][19] Linux is typically packaged as a Linux distribution (distro), which includes the kernel and supporting system software and libraries—most of which are provided by third parties—to create a complete operating system, designed as a clone of Unix and released under the copyleft GPL license.[20]

Many Linux distributions use the word "Linux" in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses and recommends the name "GNU/Linux" to emphasize the use and importance of GNU software in many distributions, causing some controversy.[21][22] Thousands of distributions exist, many based directly or indirectly on other distributions;[23][24] popular Linux distributions[25][26][27] include Debian, Fedora Linux, Linux Mint, Arch Linux, and Ubuntu, while commercial distributions include Red Hat Enterprise Linux, SUSE Linux Enterprise, and ChromeOS. Linux distributions are frequently used in server platforms.[28][29] Other than the Linux kernel, key components that make up a distribution may include a display server (windowing system), a package manager, a bootloader and a Unix shell.

Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and open-source software collaboration. While originally developed for x86 based personal computers, it has since been ported to more platforms than any other operating system,[30] and is used on a wide variety of devices including PCs, workstations, mainframes and embedded systems. Linux is the predominant operating system for servers and is also used on all of the world's 500 fastest supercomputers.[g] When combined with Android, which is Linux-based and designed for smartphones, they have the largest installed base of all general-purpose operating systems.

  1. ^ Linux Online (2008). "Linux Logos and Mascots". Archived from the original on August 15, 2010. Retrieved August 11, 2009.
  2. ^ "The util-linux code repository". GitHub. Retrieved October 31, 2024.
  3. ^ "The Busybox about page". busybox.net. Archived from the original on November 27, 2021. Retrieved November 30, 2021.
  4. ^ "The Alpine Linux about page". alpinelinux.org. Archived from the original on May 8, 2011. Retrieved November 30, 2021.
  5. ^ "GNU Userland". April 10, 2012. Archived from the original on March 8, 2016.
  6. ^ "Unix Fundamentals — System Administration for Cyborgs". Archived from the original on October 5, 2016.
  7. ^ "Operating Systems — Introduction to Information and Communication Technology". Archived from the original on February 21, 2016.
  8. ^ "The X Window System". Archived from the original on January 20, 2016.
  9. ^ "PCLinuxOS Magazine – HTML". Archived from the original on May 15, 2013.
  10. ^ "Plan 9 from User Space". Retrieved October 31, 2024.
  11. ^ "The Plan 9 from User Space code repository". GitHub. Retrieved October 31, 2024.
  12. ^ Landley, Robert. "What is ToyBox?". Toybox project website. Retrieved October 31, 2024.
  13. ^ "The Linux Kernel Archives: Frequently asked questions". kernel.org. September 2, 2014. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved September 4, 2015.
  14. ^ "U.S. Reg No: 1916230". United States Patent and Trademark Office. Archived from the original on June 24, 2013. Retrieved April 1, 2006.
  15. ^ "Re: How to pronounce Linux?". Newsgroup: comp.os.linux. April 23, 1992. Usenet: [email protected]. Retrieved January 9, 2007.
  16. ^ Eckert, Jason W. (2012). Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification (Third ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Cengage Learning. p. 33. ISBN 978-1111541538. Archived from the original on May 9, 2013. Retrieved April 14, 2013. The shared commonality of the kernel is what defines a system's membership in the Linux family; the differing OSS applications that can interact with the common kernel are what differentiate Linux distributions.
  17. ^ "Twenty Years of Linux according to Linus Torvalds". ZDNet. April 13, 2011. Archived from the original on September 19, 2016. Retrieved September 19, 2016.
  18. ^ Linus Benedict Torvalds (October 5, 1991). "Free minix-like kernel sources for 386-AT". Newsgroup: comp.os.minix. Archived from the original on March 2, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
  19. ^ "What Is Linux: An Overview of the Linux Operating System". Medium. Archived from the original on June 12, 2020. Retrieved December 21, 2019.
  20. ^ "Mac, Windows And Now, Linux". The New York Times. October 8, 1998. Retrieved December 4, 2024.
  21. ^ Cite error: The named reference gnu_linux_faq was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  22. ^ "Linux and the GNU System". Gnu.org. Archived from the original on March 19, 2017. Retrieved September 1, 2013.
  23. ^ "Major Distributions An overview of major Linux distributions and FreeBSD". Distrowatch.
  24. ^ Andrus, Brian (July 8, 2024). "Top 12 Most Popular Linux Distros". DreamHost Blog. Retrieved November 15, 2024.
  25. ^ DistroWatch. "DistroWatch.com: Put the fun back into computing. Use Linux, BSD". distrowatch.com. Archived from the original on April 2, 2013. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
  26. ^ himanshu, Swapnil. "Best Linux distros of 2016: Something for everyone". CIO. Archived from the original on December 31, 2016. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
  27. ^ "10 Top Most Popular Linux Distributions of 2016". www.tecmint.com. Archived from the original on December 30, 2016. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
  28. ^ Ha, Dan (February 28, 2023). "9 reasons Linux is a popular choice for servers". LogicMonitor. Retrieved December 11, 2024.
  29. ^ "Linux OS on IBM Z Mainframe". www.ibm.com. Retrieved December 11, 2024.
  30. ^ Barry Levine (August 26, 2013). "Linux' 22th [sic] Birthday Is Commemorated - Subtly - by Creator". Simpler Media Group, Inc. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 10, 2015. Originally developed for Intel x86-based PCs, Torvalds' "hobby" has now been released for more hardware platforms than any other OS in history.


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Linux

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