Back لومبى ARZ Лъмби Bulgarian Lumbee Catalan Lumbee German Lumbee Spanish Lumbeet Finnish Lumbees French ラムビー Japanese 럼비족 Korean ലുംബീ വർഗ്ഗം Malayalam
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|
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| More than 60,000[1] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| United States (North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Michigan, Tennessee) | |
| Languages | |
| Main: English, American Indian English[2][3] | |
| Religion | |
| Christianity | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Tuscarora, Hatteras Indians, Cheraw, African Americans, English Americans, Scottish Americans, Scotch-Irish Americans |
The Lumbee are a mixed-race community primarily located in Robeson County, North Carolina, which claims to be descended from a myriad of indigenous tribes who once inhabited the region.[4][5][6]
Genetic research has shown the community to be overwhelmingly of African and European descent, with a minority of Native American genetic ancestry. However, historical records show that many of the progenitors of the Lumbee were recorded as being Native Americans.[7][8] Free people of color in the American South were primarily African, Native American, or South Asian.[9][10]
The Lumbee are shown to have connections with other tri-racial isolate groups, such as the Melungeons.[11]
The Lumbee take their name from the Lumber River, which winds through Robeson County. Pembroke, North Carolina, is their economic, cultural, and political center. According to the 2000 United States census report, 89% of the population of the town of Pembroke identified as Lumbee; 40% of Robeson County's population identified as Lumbee. The Lumbee Tribe was recognized by North Carolina in 1885. In 1956, the U.S. Congress passed the Lumbee Act, which recognized the Lumbees as being American Indians but denied them the benefits of a federally recognized tribe.[12]
As the group previously identified as Cherokee, all recognized Cherokee tribes in the United States have vehemently opposed the federal recognition of the Lumbee as a Native American tribe.[13][14]
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Lumbee bill passes House vote.was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Lumbee Language and the Lumbee Indian Culture (Croatan, Croatoan, Pamlico, Carolina Algonquian)". www.native-languages.org.
- ^ "Lumbee Dialect". pbs.org. Retrieved 2024-01-20.
- ^ Staff, Ben Steelman StarNews. ""The Lumbee Indians" -- black, white and shades of red". Wilmington Star-News. Retrieved 2024-12-30.
- ^ Warren, Debby (2019-10-29). "Convolutions of Race and Identity: The Lumbee Struggle for Sovereignty". Non Profit News | Nonprofit Quarterly. Retrieved 2024-12-30.
- ^ Anonymous (2022-05-12). "Black/Indian relations: an overview of the scholarship". Digital Scholarship and Initiatives. Retrieved 2024-12-30.
- ^ Thomas, Robert (2022-05-12). "A report on research of Lumbee origins". Digital Scholarship and Initiatives. Retrieved 2024-12-30.
- ^ "Origins of Lumbee No Mystery". sciway3.net. Retrieved 2024-12-30.
- ^ Heinegg, Paul. "East Indians in Maryland and Virginia". freeafricanamericans.com. Retrieved 2024-12-30.
- ^ Gosselin, Adrienne Johnson (2018). ""Free" People of Color". Charles Chesnutt In Context.
- ^ Anonymous (2022-05-12). "Looking at legends: Lumbee and Melungeon: applied genealogy and the origins of tri-racial isolate settlements". Digital Scholarship and Initiatives. Retrieved 2024-12-30.
- ^ Lumbee Recognition Act. US Congress, House Committee on Natural Resources. 2009. p. 5.
- ^ "Eastern Cherokee Chief blasts Lumbee bill; tribal leader calls it 'superiority complex'". BPR. 2024-12-19. Retrieved 2024-12-30.
- ^ "Cherokee, Choctaw tribes tell Congress recognizing Lumbee tribe would be 'devastating'". ABC11 Raleigh-Durham. 2020-11-18. Retrieved 2024-12-30.