Mahdist War

Mahdist War

Major events of the Mahdist War. From clockwise left: the Battle of Abu Klea, the Battle of El Teb, Death of Charles Gordon at Khartoum, Charge of the 21st Lancers at Omdurman, the Battle of Ferkeh, and the Battle of Rejaf
Date1881 (1881)–1899 (1899)
Location
Result

Allied victory

  • Sudanese invasions of neighbours repelled
Territorial
changes
  • Britain and Egypt took over Sudan and turned it into a condominium known as the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
  • Kassala temporarily occupied by Italy
  • Congo secures the Lado Enclave until 1910
  • Belligerents
     Mahdist State
    Commanders and leaders
    British Empire Charles Gordon 
    British Empire William Hicks 
    British Empire Garnet Wolseley
    British Empire Herbert Kitchener
    Khedivate of Egypt Tewfik Pasha
    Khedivate of Egypt Rauf Pasha
    Khedivate of Egypt Hassan Ismail Pasha
    Ethiopian Empire Yohannes IV 
    Ethiopian Empire Alula Engida
    Ethiopian Empire Tekle Haimanot
    Kingdom of Italy Oreste Baratieri
    Kingdom of Italy Giuseppe Arimondi
    Congo Free State Louis-Napoléon Chaltin
    Mahdist State Muhammad Ahmad (WIA)
    Mahdist State Abdallahi ibn Muhammad 
    Mahdist State Al-Zubayr Rahma Mansur
    Mahdist State Othman Digna (WIA)
    Mahdist State Babikr Bedri
    Mahdist State Hamdan Abu 'Anja
    Mahdist State Mohammed Zain (POW)
    Mahdist State Musa Abu Higel
    Mahdist State Umar Salih
    Mahdist State Khalil al-Khuzani
    Casualties and losses
    Sudan's population was reduced by more than half during the period of Mahdist rule.[a]

    The Mahdist War[b] (Arabic: الثورة المهدية, romanizedath-Thawra al-Mahdiyya; 1881–1899) was a war between the Mahdist Sudanese, led by Muhammad Ahmad bin Abdullah, who had proclaimed himself the "Mahdi" of Islam (the "Guided One"), and the forces of the Khedivate of Egypt, initially, and later the forces of Britain. After four years of revolt, the Mahdist rebels overthrew the Ottoman-Egyptian administration with the fall of Khartoum and gained control over Sudan. The Mahdist State launched several unsuccessful invasions of their neighbours, expanding the scale of the conflict to also include the Italian Empire, the Congo Free State and the Ethiopian Empire. They also faced significant internal rebellion. Anglo-Egyptian forces reconquered Sudan in 1898 and the Mahdist state collapsed following defeat at the battle of Omdurman. The last organised resistance from the Mahdists ended the next year, leading to the creation of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1899–1956), a de jure condominium of the British Empire, and the Kingdom of Egypt, in which Britain had de facto control over Sudan.

    1. ^ "Egypt and the Sudan | National Army Museum". www.nam.ac.uk.
    2. ^ "Nile Expedition". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca.
    3. ^ International, Radio Canada (26 January 2015). "Canada's first military mission overseas".
    4. ^ "Sudan (New South Wales Contingent) March-June 1885". 28 July 2021.
    5. ^ Meredith Reid Sarkees, Frank Whelon Wayman (2010). Resort to war: a data guide to inter-state, extra-state, intra-state, and non-state wars, 1816–2007. Washington, DC.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
    6. ^ Spiers, Edward (2013). Sudan: The Reconquest Reappraised. Routledge. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-1363-1121-5. Sir Reginald Wingate estimated that the mortality in the Mahdist state from war and misgovernment was 6 million out of a population of 8 million.
    7. ^ Deng, Francis M. (1995). War of Visions: Conflict of Identities in the Sudan. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-8157-2369-1. It is estimated that the population of Sudan fell from around 7 million before the Mahdist revolt to somewhere between two and three million after the fall of the Mahdist state.
    8. ^ White, Matthew (2011). Atrocitology: Humanity's 100 Deadliest Achievements. Canongate Books (published 1 November 2011). ISBN 978-0857861221.
    9. ^ Hempstone, Smith (1961). Africa, Angry Young Giant. Praeger. p. 28. 5 million of the Sudan's 8.5 million people died or were killed during the period of Mahdist rule.


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    Mahdist War

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