Metronome

A wind-up mechanical metronome, Nikko model, clicking at 96 BPM

A metronome (from Ancient Greek μέτρον (métron) 'measure' and νόμος (nómos) 'law') is a device that produces an audible click or other sound at a uniform interval that can be set by the user, typically in beats per minute (BPM). Metronomes may also include synchronized visual motion, such as a swinging pendulum or a blinking light. Musicians—and others including dancers, athletes, and health professionals—often practise with a metronome to improve their timing, especially the ability to maintain a steady tempo with a regular beat or pulse. Composers and conductors often use numerical metronome markings to communicate their preferred tempos to musicians preparing for a performance.

A type of metronome was among the inventions of Andalusian polymath Abbas ibn Firnas (810–887). In 1815, German inventor Johann Maelzel patented a mechanical, wind-up metronome as a tool for musicians, under the title "Instrument/Machine for the Improvement of all Musical Performance, called Metronome".^[1] In the 20th century, electronic metronomes and software metronomes were invented.

When interpreting emotion and other qualities in music, performers seldom play exactly on every beat. In a musically expressive performance, the pulse generally does not align with the clicks of a metronome.^[2]^[3] This has led some musicians to criticize use of a metronome, because "musical time is replaced by clock time".^[4]

^ Cite error: The named reference maelzel was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Iyar, Vijay S. (1998). "Microtiming Studies", from PhD Thesis at University of California, Berkeley.
^ Bonus, Alexander (May 2010). "The Metronomic Performance Practice: A History of Rhythm, Metronomes, and the Mechanization of Musicality"; PhD Thesis at Case Western Reserve University.
^ Frederickson, Jon (December 1989). "Technology and Music Performance in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction". International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music, vol. 20, no. 2, p. 216.

[maelzel-1] Cite error: The named reference maelzel was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[2] Iyar, Vijay S. (1998). "Microtiming Studies", from PhD Thesis at University of California, Berkeley.

[bonus-3] Bonus, Alexander (May 2010). "The Metronomic Performance Practice: A History of Rhythm, Metronomes, and the Mechanization of Musicality"; PhD Thesis at Case Western Reserve University.

[4] Frederickson, Jon (December 1989). "Technology and Music Performance in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction". International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music, vol. 20, no. 2, p. 216.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]