Mir

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Mir

Mir seen from Space Shuttle Endeavour during STS-89 (28 January 1998)
Mir insignia
Station statistics
COSPAR ID	1986-017A
SATCAT no.	16609
Call sign	Mir
Crew	3
Launch	20 February 1986–23 April 1996
Launch pad	Baikonur 200/39 Baikonur 81/23 Kennedy LC-39A
Reentry	23 March 2001, 05:59 UTC
Mass	129,700 kg (285,940 lb)
Length	19 m (62.3 ft) from Core module to Kvant-1
Width	31 m (101.7 ft) from Priroda to Docking module
Height	27.5 m (90.2 ft) from Kvant-2 to Spektr
Pressurised volume	350 m3 (12,000 cu ft)
Atmospheric pressure	c. 101.3 kPa (29.91 inHg, 1 atm)
Periapsis altitude	354 km (189 nmi) AMSL ${\displaystyle {\bar {x}}\!\,}$
Apoapsis altitude	374 km (216 nmi) AMSL ${\displaystyle {\bar {x}}\!\,}$
Orbital inclination	51.6 degrees
Orbital speed	7.7 km/s (27,700 km/h, 17,200 mph)
Orbital period	91.9 minutes ${\displaystyle {\bar {x}}\!\,}$
Orbits per day	15.7 ${\displaystyle {\bar {x}}\!\,}$
Days in orbit	5,511 (15 years and 32 days)
Days occupied	4,592
No. of orbits	86,331
Statistics as of 23 March 2001 (unless noted otherwise) References:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][unreliable source?][11][unreliable source?][12]
Configuration
Station elements as of May 1996

Mir (Russian: Мир, IPA: [ˈmʲir]; lit. 'peace' or 'world') was a space station operated in low Earth orbit from 1986 to 2001, first by the Soviet Union and later by the Russian Federation. Mir was the first modular space station and was assembled in orbit from 1986 to 1996. It had a greater mass than any previous spacecraft. At the time it was the largest artificial satellite in orbit, succeeded by the International Space Station (ISS) after Mir's orbit decayed. The station served as a microgravity research laboratory in which crews conducted experiments in biology, human biology, physics, astronomy, meteorology, and spacecraft systems with a goal of developing technologies required for permanent occupation of space.

Mir was the first continuously inhabited long-term research station in orbit and held the record for the longest continuous human presence in space at 3,644 days, until it was surpassed by the ISS on 23 October 2010.^[13] It holds the record for the longest single human spaceflight, with Valeri Polyakov spending 437 days and 18 hours on the station between 1994 and 1995. Mir was occupied for a total of twelve and a half years out of its fifteen-year lifespan, having the capacity to support a resident crew of three, or larger crews for short visits.

Following the success of the Salyut programme, Mir represented the next stage in the Soviet Union's space station programme. The first module of the station, known as the core module or base block, was launched in 1986 and followed by six further modules. Proton rockets were used to launch all of its components except for the docking module, which was installed by US Space Shuttle mission STS-74 in 1995. When complete, the station consisted of seven pressurised modules and several unpressurised components. Power was provided by several photovoltaic arrays attached directly to the modules. The station was maintained at an orbit between 296 km (184 mi) and 421 km (262 mi) altitude and travelled at an average speed of 27,700 km/h (17,200 mph), completing 15.7 orbits per day.^{[6][page needed][7][page needed][8]}

The station was launched as part of the Soviet Union's crewed spaceflight programme effort to maintain a long-term research outpost in space, and following the collapse of the USSR, was operated by the new Russian Federal Space Agency (RKA). As a result, most of the station's occupants were Soviet; through international collaborations such as the Interkosmos, Euromir and Shuttle–Mir programmes, the station was made accessible to space travellers from several Asian, European and North American nations. Mir was deorbited in March 2001 after funding was cut off. The cost of the Mir programme was estimated by former RKA General Director Yuri Koptev in 2001 as $4.2 billion over its lifetime (including development, assembly and orbital operation).^[14]