Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Baba-e-Qaum Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah محمد علی جناح
Jinnah in 1945
1st Governor-General of Pakistan
In office 14 August 1947 – 11 September 1948
Monarch	George VI
Prime Minister	Liaquat Ali Khan
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Khawaja Nazimuddin
1st Speaker of the Constituent Assembly
In office 11 August 1947 – 11 September 1948
Deputy	Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan
President of the Muslim League
In office 15 December 1947 – 11 September 1948
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Liaquat Ali Khan
Personal details
Born	Mahomedali Jinnahbhai (1876-12-25)25 December 1876 Karachi, Bombay Presidency
Died	11 September 1948(1948-09-11) (aged 71) Karachi, Federal Capital Territory, Dominion of Pakistan
Resting place	Mazar-e-Quaid, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
Political party	Muslim League (1947–1948)
Other political affiliations	Indian National Congress (1906–1920) All-India Muslim League (1913–1947)
Spouses	Emibai Jinnah ​ ​ (m. 1892; died 1893)​ Rattanbai Petit ​ ​ (m. 1918; died 1929)​
Relations	See Jinnah family
Children	1 (Dina Wadia)
Alma mater	Lincoln's Inn
Profession	Barrister politician
Signature

This article is part of a series about Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Jinnah family Early life Caucus Case Political career Governor-General of Pakistan 14 August 1947 – 11 September 1948 Political views 11 August Speech Fourteen Points of Jinnah Unity, Faith, Discipline Two nation theory Parties Indian National Congress All-India Muslim League Pakistan Muslim League Properties List Jinnah Mansion, Mumbai Jinnah House, Lahore Quaid-e-Azam House Wazir Mansion Tributes Mazar-e-Quaid Aiwan-e-Nawadrat-e-Quaid-i-Azam List of things named after Jinnah Gallery: Picture, Sound, Video
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Muhammad Ali Jinnah^[a] (born Mahomedali Jinnahbhai;^[b] 25 December 1876 – 11 September 1948) was a barrister, politician, and the founder of Pakistan. Jinnah served as the leader of the All-India Muslim League from 1913 until the inception of Pakistan on 14 August 1947 and then as Pakistan's first governor-general until his death.

Born at Wazir Mansion in Karachi, Jinnah was trained as a barrister at Lincoln's Inn in London, England. Upon his return to India, he enrolled at the Bombay High Court, and took an interest in national politics, which eventually replaced his legal practice. Jinnah rose to prominence in the Indian National Congress in the first two decades of the 20th century. In these early years of his political career, Jinnah advocated Hindu–Muslim unity, helping to shape the 1916 Lucknow Pact between the Congress and the All-India Muslim League, in which Jinnah had also become prominent. Jinnah became a key leader in the All-India Home Rule League, and proposed a fourteen-point constitutional reform plan to safeguard the political rights of Muslims in the Indian subcontinent. In 1920, however, Jinnah resigned from the Congress when it agreed to follow a campaign of satyagraha, which he regarded as political anarchy.

By 1940, Jinnah had come to believe that the Muslims of the subcontinent should have their own state to avoid the possible marginalised status they might be reduced to in an independent Hindu–Muslim state. In that year, the Muslim League, led by Jinnah, passed the Lahore Resolution, demanding a separate nation for Indian Muslims. During the Second World War, the League gained strength while leaders of the Congress were imprisoned, and in the provincial elections held shortly after the war, it won most of the seats reserved for Muslims. Ultimately, the Congress and the Muslim League could not reach a power-sharing formula that would allow the entirety of British India to be united as a single state following independence, leading all parties to agree instead to the independence of a Hindu-majority India, and for a predominantly Muslim state of Pakistan.

As the first governor-general of Pakistan, Jinnah worked to establish the new nation's government and policies, and to aid the millions of Muslim migrants who had emigrated from neighbouring India to Pakistan after the two states' independence, personally supervising the establishment of refugee camps. Jinnah died at age 71 in September 1948, just over a year after Pakistan gained independence from the United Kingdom. He left a deep and respected legacy in Pakistan. Several universities and public buildings in Pakistan bear Jinnah's name. He is revered in Pakistan as the Quaid-e-Azam ("Great Leader") and Baba-e-Qaum ("Father of the Nation"). His birthday is also observed as a national holiday in the country. According to his biographer, Stanley Wolpert, Jinnah remains Pakistan's greatest leader.

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