Nation of Islam

Nation of Islam

Abbreviation	NOI
Formation	July 4, 1930; 94 years ago (1930-07-04)
Founder	Wallace Fard Muhammad
Founded at	Detroit, Michigan, U.S.
Type	New religious movement
Legal status	Active
Headquarters	Mosque Maryam, Chicago, Illinois
Location	United States
Membership	c. 50,000 [1] (2007 estimate)
Official language	English
Leader	Louis Farrakhan
Key people	Elijah Muhammad Wallace Muhammad Malcolm X
Subsidiaries	Fruit of Islam Muhammad University of Islam Muslim Girls Training Star Chamber Academy
Website	noi.org

Part of a series on the
Nation of Islam
Influencers Satokata Takahashi Noble Drew Ali
Leaders Wallace Fard Muhammad Elijah Muhammad Malcolm X Warith Deen Mohammed Louis Farrakhan Tynnetta Muhammad Ishmael Muhammad Ava Muhammad David Muhammad James 3X Khalid Muhammad
Beliefs and theology Saviours' Day Nation of Islam and antisemitism Tribe of Shabazz Yakub Dianetics
History Million Man March Millions More Movement Justice or Else
Publications A Torchlight for America The Final Call Muhammad Speaks How to Eat to Live Message to the Blackman in America
Subsidiaries Fruit of Islam Muhammad Farms Muhammad University of Islam Muslim Girls Training Star Chamber Academy
Offshoots and sects American Society of Muslims Five-Percent Nation United Nation of Islam Nation of Yahweh Nuwaubian Nation
Related organizations Black Dragon Society Black Mafia New Black Panther Party Peace Movement of Ethiopia El Rukn Church of Scientology Yusuf Bey Your Black Muslim Bakery Black Hebrew Israelites Moorish Science Temple of America
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The Nation of Islam (NOI) is a religious organization founded in the United States by Wallace Fard Muhammad in 1930. A centralized and hierarchical organization, the NOI is committed to black nationalism and focuses its attention on the African diaspora, especially on African Americans. While describing itself as Islamic and using Islamic terminologies, its religious tenets differ substantially from orthodox Islamic traditions. Scholars of religion characterize it as a new religious movement.

The Nation teaches that there has been a succession of mortal gods, each a black man named Allah, of whom Fard Muhammad is the most recent. It claims that the first Allah created the earliest humans, the Arabic-speaking, dark-skinned Tribe of Shabazz, whose members possessed inner divinity and from whom all people of color descend. It maintains that a scientist named Yakub then created the white race. The whites lacked inner divinity, and were intrinsically violent; they overthrew the Tribe of Shabazz and achieved global dominance. Setting itself against the white-dominated society of the United States, the NOI campaigns for the creation of an independent African-American nation-state, and calls for African Americans to be economically self-sufficient and separatist. A millenarian tradition, it maintains that Fard Muhammad will soon return aboard a spaceship, the "Mother Plane" or "Mother Ship", to wipe out the white race and establish a utopia. Members worship in buildings called mosques or temples. Practitioners are expected to live disciplined lives, adhering to strict dress codes, specific dietary requirements, and patriarchal gender roles.

Wallace Fard Muhammad established the Nation of Islam in Detroit. He drew on various sources, including Noble Drew Ali's Moorish Science Temple of America, black nationalist trends like Garveyism, and black-oriented forms of Freemasonry. After Fard Muhammad disappeared in 1934, the leadership of the NOI was assumed by Elijah Muhammad. He expanded the NOI's teachings and declared Fard Muhammad to be the latest Allah. Attracting growing attention in the late 1950s and 1960s, the NOI's influence expanded through high-profile members such as the black nationalist activist Malcolm X and the boxer Muhammad Ali. Deeming it a threat to domestic security, the Federal Bureau of Investigation worked to undermine the group. Following Elijah Muhammad's death in 1975, his son Warith Deen Mohammed took over the organization, moving it towards Sunni Islam and renaming it the World Community of Islam in the West. Members seeking to retain Elijah Muhammad's teachings re-established the Nation of Islam under Louis Farrakhan's leadership in 1977. Farrakhan has continued to develop the NOI's beliefs, for instance by drawing connections with Dianetics, and expanding its economic and agricultural operations.

Based in the United States, the Nation of Islam has also established a presence abroad, with membership open only to people of color. In 2007 it was estimated to have 50,000 members. The Nation has proven to be particularly successful at converting prisoners. The Southern Poverty Law Center and the Anti-Defamation League have characterized it as a black supremacist hate group that promotes racism towards white people, antisemitism, and anti-LGBT rhetoric. Muslim critics accuse it of promoting teachings that are not authentically Islamic.