Neurotechnology

Neurotechnology encompasses any method or electronic device which interfaces with the nervous system to monitor or modulate neural activity.^[1]^[2]

Common design goals for neurotechnologies include using neural activity readings to control external devices such as neuroprosthetics, altering neural activity via neuromodulation to repair or normalize function affected by neurological disorders,^[3] or augmenting cognitive abilities.^[4] In addition to their therapeutic or commercial uses, neurotechnologies also constitute powerful research tools to advance fundamental neuroscience knowledge.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]

Some examples of neurotechnologies include deep brain stimulation, photostimulation based on optogenetics and photopharmacology, transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial electric stimulation and brain–computer interfaces, such as cochlear implants and retinal implants.

^ Goering S, Klein E, Sullivan LS, Wexler A, y Arcas BA, Bi G, et al. (April 2021). "Recommendations for Responsible Development and Application of Neurotechnologies". Neuroethics. 14 (3): 365–386. doi:10.1007/s12152-021-09468-6. PMC 8081770. PMID 33942016.
^ Müller O, Rotter S (2017). "Neurotechnology: Current Developments and Ethical Issues". Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience. 11: 93. doi:10.3389/fnsys.2017.00093. PMC 5733340. PMID 29326561.
^ Cook MJ, O'Brien TJ, Berkovic SF, Murphy M, Morokoff A, Fabinyi G, et al. (June 2013). "Prediction of seizure likelihood with a long-term, implanted seizure advisory system in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy: a first-in-man study". The Lancet. Neurology. 12 (6): 563–71. doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70075-9. PMID 23642342. S2CID 33908839.
^ Cinel C, Valeriani D, Poli R (31 January 2019). "Neurotechnologies for Human Cognitive Augmentation: Current State of the Art and Future Prospects". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 13: 13. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00013. PMC 6365771. PMID 30766483.
^ Wander JD, Rao RP (April 2014). "Brain-computer interfaces: a powerful tool for scientific inquiry". Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 25: 70–5. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2013.11.013. PMC 3980496. PMID 24709603.
^ Golub MD, Chase SM, Batista AP, Yu BM (April 2016). "Brain-computer interfaces for dissecting cognitive processes underlying sensorimotor control". Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 37: 53–58. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2015.12.005. PMC 4860084. PMID 26796293.
^ Kim CK, Adhikari A, Deisseroth K (March 2017). "Integration of optogenetics with complementary methodologies in systems neuroscience". Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. 18 (4): 222–235. doi:10.1038/nrn.2017.15. PMC 5708544. PMID 28303019.
^ Rawji V, Latorre A, Sharma N, Rothwell JC, Rocchi L (2020-11-03). "On the Use of TMS to Investigate the Pathophysiology of Neurodegenerative Diseases". Frontiers in Neurology. 11: 584664. doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.584664. PMC 7669623. PMID 33224098.

[:12-1] Goering S, Klein E, Sullivan LS, Wexler A, y Arcas BA, Bi G, et al. (April 2021). "Recommendations for Responsible Development and Application of Neurotechnologies". Neuroethics. 14 (3): 365–386. doi:10.1007/s12152-021-09468-6. PMC 8081770. PMID 33942016.

[pmid29326561-2] Müller O, Rotter S (2017). "Neurotechnology: Current Developments and Ethical Issues". Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience. 11: 93. doi:10.3389/fnsys.2017.00093. PMC 5733340. PMID 29326561.

[3] Cook MJ, O'Brien TJ, Berkovic SF, Murphy M, Morokoff A, Fabinyi G, et al. (June 2013). "Prediction of seizure likelihood with a long-term, implanted seizure advisory system in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy: a first-in-man study". The Lancet. Neurology. 12 (6): 563–71. doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70075-9. PMID 23642342. S2CID 33908839.

[:022-4] Cinel C, Valeriani D, Poli R (31 January 2019). "Neurotechnologies for Human Cognitive Augmentation: Current State of the Art and Future Prospects". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 13: 13. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00013. PMC 6365771. PMID 30766483.

[5] Wander JD, Rao RP (April 2014). "Brain-computer interfaces: a powerful tool for scientific inquiry". Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 25: 70–5. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2013.11.013. PMC 3980496. PMID 24709603.

[6] Golub MD, Chase SM, Batista AP, Yu BM (April 2016). "Brain-computer interfaces for dissecting cognitive processes underlying sensorimotor control". Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 37: 53–58. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2015.12.005. PMC 4860084. PMID 26796293.

[7] Kim CK, Adhikari A, Deisseroth K (March 2017). "Integration of optogenetics with complementary methodologies in systems neuroscience". Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. 18 (4): 222–235. doi:10.1038/nrn.2017.15. PMC 5708544. PMID 28303019.

[8] Rawji V, Latorre A, Sharma N, Rothwell JC, Rocchi L (2020-11-03). "On the Use of TMS to Investigate the Pathophysiology of Neurodegenerative Diseases". Frontiers in Neurology. 11: 584664. doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.584664. PMC 7669623. PMID 33224098.

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