Back نيكولاي كارداشيف Arabic نيكولاى كارداشيف ARZ Nikolay Kardaşev AZ Кардашёв Николай Семёнович BA Николай Кардашев Bulgarian Nikolai Kardaixov Catalan Nikolaj Semjonovič Kardašov Czech Nikolai Semjonowitsch Kardaschow German Νικολάι Καρντάσεφ Greek Nikolái Kardashov Spanish
Nikolai Kardashev | |
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Николай Кардашёв | |
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| Born | 25 April 1932 Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union |
| Died | 3 August 2019 (aged 87) Moscow, Russia |
| Occupation | Astrophysicist |
| Known for | Kardashev scale |
Nikolai Semyonovich Kardashev (Russian: Никола́й Семёнович Кардашёв, romanized: Nikolay Semyonovich Kardashyov, IPA: [nʲɪkɐˈlaj sʲɪˈmʲɵnəvʲɪtɕ kərdɐˈʂof]; April 25, 1932 – August 3, 2019)[1] was a Soviet and Russian astrophysicist best known for his scale,[2] which measures a civilization's status in technological evolution based on the amount of energy it is capable of harnessing and using. He was also the deputy director of the Astro Space Center of the Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
- ^ "Умер выдающийся советский астрофизик Николай Кардашев" (in Russian). Красная Весна. 2019-08-04.
- ^ Kardashev, Nikolai S. (1964). "Transmission of information by extraterrestrial civilizations" (PDF). Soviet Astronomy. 8: 217. Bibcode:1964SvA.....8..217K. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 2023-08-24.