| Part of a series on |
| Pollution |
|---|
 |
Non-exhaust emissions come from wearing down motor vehicle brake pads, tires, roads themselves, and unsettling of particles on the road.[1][2][3][4][5] This particulate matter is made up of micrometre-sized particles and causes negative health effects, including respiratory disease and cancer.[6] Very fine particulate matter has been linked to cardiovascular disease.[7] Multiple epidemiological studies have demonstrated that particulate matter exposure is associated with acute respiratory infections, lung cancer, and chronic respiratory and cardiovascular disease. [8] Researchers have also found correlations between exposure to fine particulate matter and fatality rates in previous coronavirus epidemics. [9]
Studies have shown that non-exhaust emissions of particles from vehicles can be greater than particles due to exhaust.[4][10]
The European Commission expects that "by 2050 non-exhaust emissions will constitute up to 90% of all particles emitted by road transport".[11]
- ^ "Non-exhaust Particulate Emissions from Road Transport (highlights)" (PDF). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Publishing, Paris.
- ^ Non-exhaust Particulate Emissions from Road Transport: An Ignored Environmental Policy Challenge (Report). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2020. doi:10.1787/4a4dc6ca-en. ISBN 9789264452442.
- ^ Piscitello, Amelia; Bianco, Carlo; Casasso, Alessandro; Sethi, Rajandrea (2021). "Non-exhaust traffic emissions: Sources, characterization, and mitigation measures". Science of the Total Environment. 766: 144440. Bibcode:2021ScTEn.76644440P. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144440. PMID 33421784. S2CID 231437358.
- ^ a b "Non-exhaust emission sources". Royal Society of Chemistry Environmental Chemistry Group.
- ^ Beddows, David C.S.; Harrison, Roy M. (2021). "PM10 and PM2.5 emission factors for non-exhaust particles from road vehicles: Dependence upon vehicle mass and implications for battery electric vehicles" (PDF). Atmospheric Environment. 244: 117886. Bibcode:2021AtmEn.24417886B. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117886. S2CID 224851906.
- ^ US EPA, OAR (26 April 2016). "Health and Environmental Effects of Particulate Matter (PM)". US EPA. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
- ^ "Pollution Particles Lead to Higher Heart Attack Risk". Bloomberg L.P. 17 January 2008. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011.
- ^ "Home". www.oecd-ilibrary.org. Retrieved 2023-05-01.
- ^ "Home". www.oecd-ilibrary.org. Retrieved 2023-05-01.
- ^ Wang, Xiaoliang; Gronstal, Steven; Lopez, Brenda; Jung, Heejung (2023). "Evidence of non-tailpipe emission contributions to PM2.5 and PM10 near southern California highways". Environmental Pollution. 317. Bibcode:2023EPoll.31720691W. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120691.
- ^ . (20). 3 April 2024. p. 10 https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/PE-109-2023-INIT/en/pdf. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help)CS1 maint: location (link)