In epidemiology, a non-pharmaceutical intervention (NPI) is any method used to reduce the spread of an epidemic disease without requiring pharmaceutical drug treatments. Examples of non-pharmaceutical interventions that reduce the spread of infectious diseases include wearing a face mask and staying away from sick people.[1]
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) points to personal, community, and environmental interventions.[2] NPIs have been recommended for pandemic influenza at both local[3] and global levels[4] and studied at large scale during the 2009 swine flu pandemic[5] and the COVID-19 pandemic.[6][7][8] NPIs are typically used in the period between the emergence of an epidemic disease and the deployment of an effective vaccine.[9]
- ^ von Csefalvay C (2023), "Modeling the control of infectious disease", Computational Modeling of Infectious Disease, Elsevier, pp. 173–215, doi:10.1016/b978-0-32-395389-4.00015-3, ISBN 978-0-323-95389-4, retrieved 2023-03-05
- ^ "Nonpharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs) | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2019-06-11. Retrieved 2020-04-16.
- ^ Bell D, Nicoll A, Fukuda K, Horby P, Monto A, Hayden F, et al. (January 2006). "Non-pharmaceutical interventions for pandemic influenza, national and community measures". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 12 (1): 88–94. doi:10.3201/eid1201.051371. PMC 3291415. PMID 16494723.
- ^ Bell D, Nicoll A, Fukuda K, Horby P, Monto A, Hayden F, et al. (January 2006). "Non-pharmaceutical interventions for pandemic influenza, international measures". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 12 (1): 81–7. doi:10.3201/eid1201.051370. PMC 3291414. PMID 16494722.
- ^ Mitchell T, Dee DL, Phares CR, Lipman HB, Gould LH, Kutty P, et al. (January 2011). "Non-pharmaceutical interventions during an outbreak of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection at a large public university, April-May 2009". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 52 Suppl 1 (suppl_1): S138-45. doi:10.1093/cid/ciq056. PMID 21342886.
- ^ Imai N, Gaythorpe KA, Abbott S, Bhatia S, van Elsland S, Prem K, et al. (2020-04-02). "Adoption and impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions for COVID-19". Wellcome Open Research. 5: 59. doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15808.1. PMC 7255913. PMID 32529040.
- ^ "Report 9 - Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID-19 mortality and healthcare demand". Imperial College London. Retrieved 2020-04-16.
- ^ Sutherland WJ, et al. (2021). "A solution scan of societal options to reduce transmission and spread of respiratory viruses: SARS-CoV-2 as a case study". Journal of Biosafety and Biosecurity. 3 (2): 84–90. doi:10.1016/j.jobb.2021.08.003. PMC 8440234. PMID 34541465.
- ^ Non-pharmaceutical public health measures for mitigating the risk and impact of epidemic and pandemic influenza (PDF). World Health Organization. 2019. ISBN 978-92-4-151683-9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-11-18. Retrieved 2020-11-25.